Vigilance and E-Governance

VIGILANCE AND E-GOVERNANCE Vigilance means watchfullness or to bring awareness. Vigilance came into existence mainly for the purpose of fighting corruption. Corruption involves misuse of power , money ,government property etc. Though corruption can't be brought down to zero level, we can try to bring it as low as possible. This can be ensured by watchfulness, caution and vigilance. Or in other words it can be achieved by E-Governance. E-Governance is the use of various modern information and communication technologies such as internet, local area networks, mobile phones,etc. by the government to promote democracy and minimize the corruption level. Simply e-governance is electronic management and electronic controllership. Therefore vigilance and e-governance are required for ensuring corruptionless functioning of any private, public or government organisation. In order to achieve this purpose, govenment has implemented various online services under national e-governance plan like pro perty registration, railway reservation, pensions, passport, visa , company affairs, land records, e-courts, etc.Here we will discuss some of the examples and we will see how they are proven to be effective, not only for fighting against corruption but also for improving the efficiency, effectiveness and comfortness of public. ONLINE DELIVERY OF LAND TITLES IN KARNATAKA, INDIA Before the computerisation of The Department of Revenue in Karnataka, farmers had to seek the Village Accountant to get a copy of the Record of Rights, Tenancy and Crops(RTC), a document needed for many purposes such as obtaining bank loans. But there were unnecessary delays and harassments. Many were forced to pay bribes.Land owners found it difficult to access the village accountant, as his duties entail traveling. The time taken by the village accountant to provide RTC ranged from 3 to 30 days depending upon the size off the bribe. A tyypical bribe for a certificate could range from Rs. 100 to Rs. 2000. If some details were to be written in an ambiguous fashion, out of selfish motives, the bribe could go upto rs. 10,000. Land records in the custody of village accountant were not open for public scrutiny. But after the computerisation of The Department of Revenue in Karnataka, for a fee of Rs. 5 , a printed copy of the RTC can be obtained online at computerised land record kiosks in 140 Taluk offices without any delay or bribe. The software incorporates the bio-logon metrics system, which authenticates the users with their fingerprint. A log is maintained of all transaction in a session. This makes an officer accountable for his decisions and actions. The government has also got plans to web-enable the database to make it available for the farmers to receive a copy of the land records locally through an internet kiosk. Although without a signature such a copy will only have an informative value.This scheme is also useful for preventing lands-scam as all the data related to the land is in a common server. COMPUTERISED INTERSTATE CHECK POSTS IN GUJARAT Gujarat has an extensive road network, which carries a large volume of commercial traffic. Major highway systems link Delhi to Mumbai and provide the pricipal link to the Kandla sea port on Gujarat's west coast. Gujarat's 10 check posts are positioned at the border with three neighbouring Indian states. Nearly 25,000 transport vehicles enter daily through these check posts. most of the trucking companies aim to increase their earnings from each vehicle.Often this has promoted transporters to load their trucks beyond permissible axle load, creating a serious safeety hazard. Without the computerisation, a suspect vehicle is flagged to stop , and then weighed on a weigh bridge located away from traffic. The legal penalty for overload is Rs. 2000 per ton. However most of such fines are illegaly negotiated. The problem of corruption was particulaly difficult to attack as the corrupt were backed by politicians. In the abse nce of any systematic inspection of vehicles, the transport companies also adopted various illegal practices.Duplicate copies of a single registration book from the Regional Transport Office (RTO) have been used for many different vehicles, using fake license plates. With the computerisation, all check posts are monitored at a central location using video cameras installed at every check post cabin. The video cameras captures the registration number of all trucks approaching the check post. Image processing software converts the video image of the registration number to a digital form and the details of the truck are acessed from a central database.An electronic weigh bridge measures the weight feeds it to the computer, which automatically issues a demand note for the fine. The use of computers and other electronic devices at the 10 remote interstate border check posts in gujarat, has reduced the corruption and significantly increased the state's tax revenue. ONLINE INDIAN RAILWAY T RAIN STATUS AND RESERVATION SYSTEM: Before the computerisation system it was very difficult to know the availability of train seat and reserving without paying money. Even sometimes passengers had to pay additional money inside the train.But after computerisation, the availability of seats can be accessed by anyone through internet. Passengers can even book tickets online. It drastically reduced corruption. Also autoupgradation of passenger tickets increased the revenue to Indian railways and decreased the additional income(bribe) to TTE. WORK PROGRESS MONITORING SYSTEM: This software is intensively used in all type of industry to monitor its work progress. This is not directly related with money corruption but it deals with monitoring corruption which includes delaying of projects which indirectly leads to increase the hidden cost of the company.CONCLUSION: Thus by deploying both vigilance and e-governance, the level of corruption has been reduced substantially. But the biggest cha llenge in deploying e-governance is not technology but the change in management. Sudden Management change not only affects the culture but also affects the workflow and the workers. E-governance doesn't mean proliferation of computer and other e-accessories, but is basically a political decision which calls for discipline and attitudinal change in officers and employees.

Negotiation Planning

Price to recoup development costs and maintain competitive advantage Issues What should be on the table? What will the discussion focus on? Look for commonality and tradeoff The new technology Preventing the sale of technology to direct competition Net Profits Recoup the development costs Audio shouldn't sell the technology to external customers – Reducing profitability to the company Sharing Internal sales profit Terms What sort of stipulations may apply?Audio should not produce products using Z-25 technology Supply Z-25 magnets for free Magnetic Advances should be given first preference in any further technology advancements in magnets Avoid selling it to competition Goals specific/measurable/]sustainable; target/range you are shooting for; make best guess for the other side; rank them YOU: OTHER PARTY: 1. I am shooting for 61 mm in profits (the minimum I could go is 47-TAP and the maximum I could go is 140-TAP.TAP at minimum would be 32 mm. Taking the average of the above t wo would give me an estimate of 61. 5 mm as target) 1 . 80 mm as TAP ( If the deal succeeds, Mad's maximum profits would be 140 – 32 = 108, and minimum refits would be 20 – 32 mm = -12, so taking average of 108 and -12 and adding them to our opportunity cost ( 12 mm (development costs)+20 mm Internal sales)) 2. Audio should not produce products for Internal dollops 2.So they will be embarrassed to take up the issue with top management Through internal sale of Z-25 products we can get 20 mm in profits Z-25 has enormous commercial possibilities The technology two years lifetime and it cost 12 mm There is 15% and 10% profitability on external and internal sales respectively Negotiation Strategy How do you plan to approach the negotiation? What will you share/keep private? Keep private the net profits Keep private other potential offers I plan to approach by showing them the losses of no selling the product. They could potentially gain 8 mm (20 mm from internal sales †“ 12 mm deep costs) if they didn't go through the deal. So I would say that they will lose more if they don't do the deal because at minimum I am offering them 20 mm + 12 mm = 32 mm. I think even the other party would show losses supporting his argument.

Aristotle View on Happiness Essay

People have defined happiness as some kind of good of a human being. In Nicomachean Ethics: Book I, Aristotle defines happiness as the activity of living well, which in the Greek word is called eudaimonia. He tends to think that happiness is how we balance and moderate our lives to seek the highest pleasures, which he calls maintaining the mean. In the following excerpt from Book I, Aristotle talks about how happiness presumably consists in attaining some good or set of goods. â€Å"Now goods have been divided into three classes, and some are described as external, others as relating to soul or to body; we call those that relate to soul most properly and truly goods, and psychical actions and activities we class as relating to soul† (Book I pg. 7). He is saying that since happiness consists in attaining some good that there are three different types of goods that you can attain; an external goods, which consists of wealth or honor, goods of the body, which is health or physical strength, and lastly goods of the soul, which consists of knowledge, education, and friendship. Aristotle goes on to say how only certain goods are necessary for happiness. â€Å"It is correct also in that we identify the end with certain actions and activities; for thus it falls among goods of the soul and not among external goods. Another belief which harmonizes with our account is that the happy man lives well and does well; for we have practically defined happiness as a sort of good life and good action† (Book I pg. 7). He is saying that only certain goods such as health are the necessary preconditions for happiness and that other goods such as wealth is just something extra that help fill out a good life for a virtuous person, but the possession of virtue or excellence is the element of happiness. Aristotle also adds that humans seek different goods that make them happy compared to animals because humans have a rational capacity that when exercised perfects our natures as human beings. â€Å"It is natural, then, that we call neither ox nor horse nor any other of the animals happy; for none of them is capable of sharing in such activity† (Book I pg. 9). To obtain happiness, humans need to acquire certain necessary goods and external goods to reach happiness. For Aristotle, happiness is a final end or goal that encompasses the totality of one’s life. He claims that happiness is the end which meets all requirements of life. In the end, happiness awaits for those who go out and take it.

Crime Rates in Qatar Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crime Rates in Qatar - Research Proposal Example As the report declares USA, on the other hand, is another developed country, but experiencing a relatively higher crime rate than Qatar. In as much as this is a country with first-class police services like the FBI and the likes the level of crime rates still has not gone down as expected. Each day, shockers of news like armed robbery, murder rock the news. The country experiences a crime rate of up to 4.1% on average. From the essay it is clear that USA has very many factors that contribute to its high crime rates as researched prior by... One of the primary factors they can accuse is the high rate of immigration by other people from different countries who come to the US hopeful of better jobs. When some of these immigrants do not succeed in their goals, or they find the wages and salaries too small, they assume the role of burglars and bandits hence increasing the daily crime rate. This is despite the strict law enforcement mechanisms put across by the government. USA is a country experiencing rapid economic growth each year. Newer buildings are constructed each time. Due to this, the young and the able-bodied tend to move towards the construction projects in search of employment or wages. These areas are reportedly over crowded in terms of settlement. Crimes are more prevalent in these regions. The foreign workers also add to the congestion in these places. Drug use has been one of the factors influencing criminal offences in USA. Large amounts of drugs have been seized in USA in the recent past.

Alzheimer's disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alzheimer's disease - Essay Example It has a slow development and normally starts after the age of sixty (Medline Plus, 2010). The short-term memory is disturbed while long-term memory is still there. The patient starts losing control over his language, reading and writing skills. He begins to forget the names of acquaintances, relatives or even members of the family. When the disease starts getting worse, the patient may even forget how to eat, drink or go to toilet. Stage 1, mild stage, has symptoms like losing way, trouble in calculating bills, asking something repeatedly, taking longer to perform daily tasks, putting things in weird places, and showing attitude problems. Stage 2, moderate stage, shows symptoms like requiring assistance in performing daily tasks, forgetting recent happenings and acquaintances, mixing up distant past with recent past, having language problems, and wandering away. Stage 3, severe stage, has symptoms like being unable to feed oneself, control bowel and urinary movements, speak, read, w rite or recognize members of the family. Memory vanishes away totally (American Health Assistance Foundation, 2010). References American Health Assistance Foundation. (2010). Alzheimer's symptoms & stages. Alzheimer’s Disease Research.

The education system in kuwait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

The education system in kuwait - Essay Example The Council of Education was established in the year 1936, which effectively made the Kuwaiti government responsible for providing monetary and other resources for education. It also undertook the supervision of teaching. In addition, the Council of Education was made responsible for organising learning, which it did by designing and planning the curriculum to be implemented. The very next year, the Council of Education established one primary school for girls, and two primary schools for boys (MOE, 2009). With the passage of time, education in Kuwait became quite popular. This resulted in a steady increase in the number of prospective students. In response to this development, the Council of Education enlarged the existing schools, by introducing additional classes in them. In the year 1947, a religious teaching institute was formally launched in Kuwait. Thereafter, in the year 1949, Kuwait established a teachers’ training institute, in order to cater to the needs of primary school teachers (MOE, 2009). The Arab Republic of Egypt and other Arab nations, provided some of the funds required by the education system of Kuwait. There was considerable emphasis upon education in the sciences. In the year 1952, the government appropriated to itself the management of education. In this endeavour, Kuwaitis were employed, and technical support was extended by the other Arab nations. Several educational reforms were witnessed in the year 1954, when a restructuring of the study plans and curriculum were undertaken. A restructuring of the learning stages was conducted, and the curriculum was made more flexible, with a view to rendering it more relevant to the cultural and social developments taking place in the nation. With these changes, education at the kindergarten and primary level was for a duration of four years, and in the intermediate and secondary stages it was four years each (MOE,

Pathophysiology of Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease Research Paper

Pathophysiology of Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease - Research Paper Example Alzheimer’s is normally classified into three different groups; Early onset, Late onset and familial. This paper analyses the dimensions of late onset Alzheimer’s. Pathophysiology of "Late Onset" Alzheimer's Disease It is estimated that more than 4.5 million people in America alone experiencing Alzheimer’s currently. Doraiswamy et al, (2009) have mentioned that Alzheimer’s can occur even at the age of forties or fifties (Doraiswamy et al, 2009, xvii). However, about 90% of the Alzheimer’s disease patients are victims of "Late Onset" Alzheimer's. Alzheimer's victims of more than 65 years of age are normally included in the category of Late Onset" Alzheimer's. Only 10% of Alzheimer's victims are below the age of 65. Normally people below the age of 65 suffers Alzheimer’s because of Down syndrome. This type of Alzheimer’s is known as Early onset Alzheimer’s. On the other hand, "Late Onset" Alzheimer's disease is caused by hereditar y and environmental factors. A third type of Alzheimer’s is known as Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). In the case of FAD patients, the disease is caused by family history or hereditary. ... It has the ability to recollect everything in the distant memory while facing problems in recollecting information stored in the recent memory. Bonda et al. (2010) pointed out the imbalances between mitochondrial fission and fusion of cell proliferation as the reason for Alzheimer’s. â€Å"Specifically, the dynamic balance of fission and fusion in AD is greatly shifted toward fission, and, as a result, affected neurons contain abnormal mitochondria that are unable to meet the metabolic demands of the cell†(p.181). It should be noted that fission is the process of breaking of cells whereas fusion is the process of combining cells. Both fission and fusion are necessary body mechanisms to maintain good memory. However, in the case of patients with Alzheimer’s fission mechanism occurs more while fusion mechanism occurs less. As a result of that cell proliferation procedures will be troubled and the communication though neurons become defective. It should be noted tha t neurons are responsible for sending instructions from the brain to different parts of body. This communication process may become defective because of the imbalances in fusion and fission. Risk Factors Advanced age is the primary risk factor for AD; risk doubles every 5 years after the age of 65. Additional risk factors include having a first-degree relative with AD; Down syndrome; head trauma; certain environmental exposures, including metals, infection, and toxins; decreased estrogen levels; and mutations in the APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, or APOE genes. Cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance), depression, and certain lifestyle choices (e.g.,

Creating a Manual for Better Service, Safety and Employee Relations Essay

Creating a Manual for Better Service, Safety and Employee Relations - Essay Example The need for an employee handbook became evident at the restaurant due to the high level of turnover among the wait staff and the cooks. It became apparent that many of the questions that new employees had were not being addressed during the new employee training, and there was not always opportunity to explain things to them during the busy hours in the restaurant. What the new employees needed was a manual that could be a ready reference with answers to frequently asked questions about cooking, serving, cleaning and customer service.The manual also needed to summarize policies concerning work-related issues such as paid leave, health benefits, sick days and performance reviews so employees that had acquired some longevity would always know what their rights and responsibilities were. Some skills developed in prior academic classes were utilized in this class. The writing in the manual needed to be clear and concise.This was difficult to do. The most important information in each ca tegory needed to be included, and nothing more. There was  a page and word limit that forced the language in the manual to be very direct. These constraints were placed upon the project by the print shop. The manual needed to be an asset number of pages with a specific page layout or the costs increased dramatically. The word and page restrictions forced me to use writing and summarizing skills learned in prior academic courses. A business law class was helpful in giving guidance when writing the section on employee rights.... The manual needed to be as set number of pages with a specific page layout or the costs increased dramatically. The word and page restrictions forced me to use writing and summarizing skills learned in prior academic courses. A business law class was helpful in giving guidance when writing the section on employee rights and benefits. This class assisted in writing in a manner that clearly spelled out rights and consequences for behaviors such as being late for work or not calling off when sick. Business law taught me that ambiguity in company policies could lead to legal challenges and conflict (Lewin, 2001). Management courses also informed the overall tone of the manual. Managing through positive, enthusiastic leadership was stressed in a few management related classes. As a result, attempts to interject good humor and a feeling of light into the manual were taken as often as possible. The goal was to create a document that was accessible to the employees and a bit of fun to read. The only more important goal than this one was the desire to make the manual factual and fair. These skills learned in prior academic classes were very helpful during the practicum. The majority of learning happened as the task was being completed and interaction increased with the employees of the restaurant. Especially helpful in the process was an employee that was a teacher in a middle school for many years. She became interested in the project and spent much of the time advising on various ways. She recognized the value of the project and wanted to help. Her greatest sharing of knowledge dealt with the physical content and layout of the manual. She shared that individuals that struggle to read need manuals and books that are rich in graphics, pictures and charts that

Business memo of moving small colorado company inti sri lanka Essay

Business memo of moving small colorado company inti sri lanka - Essay Example Indeed, we must address various internal and external factors in relation to the mode of operations and doing business by small and medium in Sri Lanka. As such, this business memo determines whether a small Colorado company, ISSAC Corporation should consider doing business in Sri Lanka after analyzing all the business dynamics, government regulations, and other factors that may influence the operations of ISSAC Corporation in Sri Lanka. Ease of Doing Business Globalization-Sri Lanka allows cross border relations and foreign investments with limited restrictions, which favor our company into moving to Sri Lanka. It has one of the most improved ease of doing business across several areas of regulations according to Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises report (Wijewardena 1). It has a well-organized small and medium enterprise (SMe) sector, which favors our decision to move ISSAC Corporation into Sri Lanka. It has the oldest democracy in South Asia and the second largest per capita income that generates a huge purchasing power, which favors our company. ... o register with Department of Labor to obtain EPF and ETF (Wijewardena 1) Cultural and International Relations Diversity Sri Lanka is a great cultural diversity with many religions, ethnicities, and languages, which favor our company as it adopts cultural diversity in its operations and services. Sri Lanka participates in international trade engagements. Sri Lanka abhors certain core values like expertise, excellence, honesty, integrity, and commitment that correlate with the core values of ISSAC Corporation (â€Å"ISSAC Corporation† 1). Human Development Index Sri Lanka has a high human development index, which stands at 93 out of 177 countries and a literacy rate of 90% making it a conducive location to start a business (Wijewardena 1). Doing Business in Sri Lanka Sri Lanka ranks at 81 out of 185 countries, which depicts the need for more reforms to make it a SMEs friendly country (Wijewardena 1). It records a poor performance in the 10 aspects that World Bank/International Finance Corporation has chosen as significant for easing the regulatory atmosphere for the SMEs. Sri Lanka made significant gains in the aspect of starting a business by moving from 71 in 2012 to 33 in 2013. However, our company will still take five days to get registration at the Registrar of Companies and one day at EPF/ETF, that is a slower rate compared to other nations (Wijewardena 1). This would delay the registration of our company in Sri Lanka. The government should seek to digitize and fasten this process. There is an improvement in property registration where Sri Lanka moved from 164 in 2012 to 143 in 2013. However, this aspect is not alive on an island-wide basis where the friendliest nations for doing business take about 26 days to register a property (Wijewardena 1). This would limit

Week 10 Bankruptcy Ind Wrk 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 10 Bankruptcy Ind Wrk 2 - Essay Example Chapter 13 of the same act gives a trustee the power to receive any monthly revenue the debtor receives, for purposes of paying his creditors in a proportional manner. A trustee will always act on behalf of the debtor, for purposes of meeting the interests of the debtor, and the creditors (Warren and Bussel, 2012). A debtor, can also control is property, but under the title of a debtor in possession. This provision is provided for in chapter 13 of the Title 11 of the American Bankruptcy code (Samet, 2012). A debtor in possession can acquire loans, and fund his business operations for purposes of settling the debts he has acquired. He only does this with the authorization of the courts. In your case above, you can act as a debtor in possession in managing your home. This is because if a trustee abandons your home, nobody will be there to manage it, and act as your representative with creditors. To fill this gap, it will be prudent to seek the courts permission in order that you act as a manager of your home, but under the title of debtor in

Bilingual education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bilingual education - Research Paper Example the Bilingual Education Act (1968) which dominantly shaped bilingual education laws (Pandey, 2010).The paper attempts to explore the pros and cons of bilingual education and debate over different aspects discussed by its proponents and opponents. In order to convince parents and teachers that bilingual education is beneficial for non-English speaking children, the term â€Å"bilingual education† should be unambiguous. However, deciding how to classify bilinguals is problematic (Baker, 1985; Mackey, 1962; Skutnabb-Kangas 1981 qtd. in Baker 2).Baker further explains that defining bilingual is fraught with problems as there are many dimensions to this term (3).However, for defining bilingual education Wink reminds us of Professor Beto who asserts that bilingual education is all about the education that is given in two languages. Beto further adds to the definition and states, â€Å"Bilingual education is all about literacy and knowledge. That’s it.†(qtd. in Wink)Krashen further adds to the definition and states, â€Å"Bilingual education consists of good, comprehensible input in English, good subject matter teaching in the primary language, and continued literacy development in the primary language. Given these three component, kids will get literacy and knowledge.†(3-4 qtd. in Wink) The concept of ‘bilingual education’ is considered to be the education programs that are particularly designed for students with lacking ability of speaking and understanding English language. Among several programs, some include the features of teaching academic subjects in native language for better understanding, for instance, Spanish or Bengali. In addition these programs teach English as second language (ESL).While some other programs emphasize on learning English by completely immersing students in English-only class. Some of the programs prefer teaching both languages in mainstream class to all students. There are different variations of these approaches and different schools

The Human Condition Portrayed in John Steinbeck’s “The Chrysanthemums” Essay Example for Free

The Human Condition Portrayed in John Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† Essay John Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a story of one woman’s insecurities because of her age and her need to feel beautiful and worthy. There are many ideas portrayed in this story; including sexism, marital roles, basic human needs and emotions and many other ideas. The focus of this essay however, is the human condition of aging; the insecurities which can develop as a person ages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aging is one of many aspects of the human condition; according to Websters Dictionary. Human condition is â€Å"the positive and negative aspects of existence as a human being† and â€Å"inevitable events† of life such as; love, sex, aging and death (Webster’s, 1). â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is a story of a woman who is uncomfortable with her age, and disappointed in her lot in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbeck gives the reader the impression that Elisa, the main character, has a problem accepting her age. In the fifth paragraph of the story, the reader is told that Elisa is thirty-five. In today’s standards thirty-five is quite young, but in the 1930s the average life span was only forty years old (Koncelik, 2002). Eliza likely felt her life was coming to an end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbeck introduces the reader to Elisa as she is â€Å"cutting down the old year’s chrysanthemum stalks with a pair of short and powerful scissors† (207; par. 7). When the reader is first introduced to Elisa, Steinbeck describes what others would see when looking at Elisa; she has a lean, strong face, and clear eyes (206; par. 5). This description implies that Elisa is a healthy, strong woman; however the way Elisa is dressed suggests that she is ashamed of her appearance. Steinbeck writes; Her figure looked blocked and heavy in her gardening costume, a man’s black hat pulled low down over her eyes, clod-hopper shoes, a figured print dress almost completely covered by a big corduroy apron with four big pockets to hold the snips, the trowel and scratcher, the seeds and the knife she worked with. She wore heavy leather gloves to protect her hands while she worked (206; par. 5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbeck’s description demonstrates that Elisa is dressed both practical and in a way which hides her body because of her insecurity. Her corduroy pockets are used for her gardening tools and the heavy gloves protect her hands. The author’s description of her low pulled down hat and the figured print dress that is almost completely covered gives the impression that Elisa is trying to hide herself. Elisa is allowing her age to define her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elisa is proud of her Chrysanthemums, something she creates with her â€Å"planting hands† (210). The Chrysanthemums are a symbol of beauty and perfection, something Elisa wants to see in herself. When she first meets the newcomer she feels annoyance until he asks about her flowers; â€Å"the irritation and resistance melted from [her] face (209; 51). The newcomer played on Elisa’s emotions, knowing he could make money by fabricating a story about a woman interested in having Chrysanthemums. He made Elisa feel so good about herself that she gave in and paid him to fix a few saucepans. The newcomer made the pans like new, similar to how he made Elisa feel. At the time of the man’s departure, Elisa felt proud; â€Å"her shoulders were straight [and] her head [was] thrown back† (211; 91), she feels that she has a purpose. Steinbeck creates a scene, drastically different then the beginning of the story. The beginning had a slow, depressing tone, whereas the scene after the newcomer leaves feels vibrant. The way Steinbeck describes the bedroom scene, where Elisa is dressing slowly in new undergarments and the nicest stockings; â€Å"and the dress which was the symbol of her prettiness† (212; 93), it is apparent that the positive feelings Elisa is demonstrating are rare. The feelings are so rare that she is defensive when her husband says she looks nice; it is also apparent when he says â€Å"why – why, Elisa. You look so nice!† (212; 100) that he is surprised at her change in attitude. She even boasts about her strength to her husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Elisa’s good feelings are short-lived, when she drives by her Chrysanthemums dumped out on the road without the pot. The beautiful flowers were tossed carelessly away; symbolizing the life she feels has thrown away, feeling it is too late for a change. It hurts her so badly that she can’t look at him as she passes. Instead of dealing with her emotions, her hurt and disappointment, she turns her attention to the night ahead of them. It is apparent that Elisa will never live up to her full potential and never make the change she desperately needs. She almost takes the plunge when she asks about the fights; but backs down and settles for a glass of wine at dinner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† explores the human ability to cope with aging. Elisa desperately wants to feel young again, beautiful and strong like her Chrysanthemums; what she can’t understand is that she can be like the Chrysanthemums,   growing bigger, stronger and more beautiful every year. She chooses to hide herself behind bulky unflattering clothes and living life in the background because she feels she is too old. Aging is a human condition which is difficult for many people to handle; it can cause depression, like in Elisa’s case. Steinbeck has been known for his representation of the human condition in many of his stories; â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† explores a woman’s experience in aging which is as relevant today as it was in the 1930s. Works Cited Human condition. Websters New Millenniumâ„ ¢ Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.7). (2007). Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 28 Aug. 2007. Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/human condition. Koncelik, Jooseph, A. â€Å"Designing for the Life Span† (Segment 2, slide 28). Georgia Tech Research on Accessible Distance Education. (2002). 28 August 2007 http://www.catea.org/grade/lifespan/Segment2/slide70.htm Steinbeck, John. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†.

Anahorish And Digging | Comparative Essay

Anahorish And Digging | Comparative Essay Anahorish and Digging are two poems written by acclaimed Irish poet, Seamus Heaney, from the 1972 anthology Wintering Out and the 1966 anthology Death of a Naturalist. Anahorish was the name of the school Heaney attended (the Anglicized version of the Irish word anachgeeor uisce meaning place of cold water), and focuses on Heaney going back to visit his old school, going back in time to make sense of the present, whereas Digging is about Heaney expressing his admiration of his forefathers, and how they dug for survival, whereas he uses his pen as opposed to their spades to dig into the past of his fellow Irish people. I have chosen to compare Anahorish with Digging as I feel that Digging shares many common traits with Anahorish such as the references to land, the reminiscing of the poet, the slow, reflective language, and yet they differ, particularly context-wise. Both poems share the key theme of reminiscing/looking back in time, and the earth, and can be analysed in terms of shari ng this key theme, as well as context and language. Both Digging and Anahorish employ the two themes of looking back in time, and the earth. This is immediately evident in both poems, where in Digging Heaney instantly describes how his fathers spade sinks into gravelly ground, whilst in Anahorish, land references are instantaneously made the first hill in the world where springs washed into the shiny grass and darkened cobbles in the bed of the lane. Cobbles in particular has a strong Irish cultural reference attached to it. We can now see that a direct comparison can be made between the two poems, as they both have a focus on the land, just in different contexts. In Digging, Heaney needs to vividly describe the land so he can transport the reader to what it was like for the potato diggers of Northern Ireland, and how harsh their conditions were; the intense description of how Heaney saw his fathers straining rump among the flowerbeds also conveys to the reader how clear this memory is to the poet, and how it must be imprinted in his mind. Excerpts from the poem such as how he rooted out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep indicates to the reader how painful and laborious this work must have been; the adjective rooted, as well as being a typical Heaney-esque device in which the poet uses nouns as verbs, also has very negative connotations to it, being quite an emotive word as it expresses feelings of suffering and very hard work. In Anahorish, Heaney uses the land as a representation of what he remembers, using the landmarks he sees to inspire his memories of his old primary school, helping him to delve deep into his past so he can make sense of future. Andrew Green notes that the land, in Heaneys early poetry, represents many things, but always encapsulates a continuity of experience. Whether he is searching for personal meaning or attempting to locate a source and possible context for the troubles that plague his native Ireland, he finds his language and inspiration firmly rooted in the land. So integral is the part it plays in the verse of the early collection that we can see in the earth no mere means to end but an end in itself. To summarise Greens points, Heaney often uses the land as a source of inspiration, a method of evoking some of his past memories, helping him explore his past and assist in determining his present. Clearly, the land is of great importance to Heaney, which is expressed through to the reader. Both poems also explore Heaneys reminiscing. In Digging Heaney clearly goes back in time to remember his grandfather digging the land My grandfather cut more turf in a day than any other man on Toners bog. Once I carried him milk in a bottle corked sloppily with paper; in this context, Heaney recalls this moment to stress to the reader the strong ethics instilled in his grandfather (the excerpt goes on to say how his grandfather would have one drink of milk, then get straight back to digging). However, in Anahorish, Heaneys going back in time is of a much greater importance. He describes how the springs used to wash into the shiny grass; clearly, Heaney is trying to remember aspects of his school, in the hopes he can remember who he once was, and thus remember who he is again Heaney is using his history to find himself. It could be stated therefore, that a third theme in both poems is a loss of identity for Heaney in Digging he feels almost uncomfortable with himself for not diggin g like his forefathers, whereas in Anahorish the poet is unsure of who he is, taking measures such as visiting his old school when he was a childhood, and using the land to evoke early memories and rediscover himself; as stated in The Times Magazine article entitled The Poet, those links to whats gone before physical, psychological are the power behind much of his work. Clearly, the land has a direct link to his physical and psychological memories/psyche, and Heaney therefore uses the land to inspire his poetry and memories. So, even though both poems share the same themes, reminiscing and the earth are used in different contexts. Clearly, both Anahorish and Digging take place in different circumstances. For one, in Digging Heaney is using the poem as a way to almost hail the workmen of Northern Ireland, praising them for their patience and strong work ethic. Clearly, the living roots of the poem both become, for the reader, symbols of the poets memory (Andrew Green); indeed, the poem is essentially one long recollection of his forefathers living, and Heaney is using it to bring attention to the plight of the Irish workers. At the time of the poem, it can be assumed that there was a potato famine in Ireland, resulting in mass death by starvation, due to the fact that the potato was the food that the majority of the impoverished Irish survived on; its loss was devastating. In Anahorish, Heaney is presumably in a fragile state of mind, perhaps unsure of who he is, so he goes to Anahorish to see if he can stir up any memories, and hope that the site will help him find himself again. In both poems, the language is relatively slow and reflective. The vocabulary in Digging is descriptive, the poet clearly able to vividly recount his experiences watching his father dig the coarse boot nestled on the lug, the shaft against the inside knee was levered firmly; therefore we can clearly see that Heaney watching his father dig left a lasting impression on him. Therefore, the language shows how vivid Heaneys memories are. This is also evident in Anahorish where Heaney can remember the after-image of lamps swung through the yards on winter evenings. In Digging, Heaney notes how he once carried him milk in a bottle corked sloppily with paper. He straightened up to drink it, then fell to right away nicking and slicing neatly. The juxtaposing terms of sloppily and neatly in Digging reinforce how at this time in the poem, Heaney is a young boy, with his clumsy manner, whilst his grandfather is an experienced, concise man, who has been digging for many years. So in Digging, cont rast is used to emphasise Heaneys childlike immaturity when he was a boy, again, a clear allusion to the poems theme of reminiscing. In Anahorish, there is a clear contrast to break the light ice at wells and dunghills. It can be assumed that this conflict of ice and dunghill is meant to act as a break, a reminder to the reader that Heaney was looking back into time, and now has to return back to the present. Both poems also use onomatopoeia, Digging describing the squelch and slap of soggy peat and Anahorish noting how the springs washed into the shiny grass. These onomatopoeias are particularly important in helping create atmosphere, and involve the reader in Heaneys train of thought; onomatopoeic words partially close the gap between language and reality as said by Bernard Richards, who further notes that Seamus Heaney is a master of sound effects. An extended metaphor is also present in each poem. In Digging, the entire text is an extended metaphor for Heaney digging into the pa st using his poetry; the phrase Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests. Ill dig with it perfectly encapsulates this sentiment. Meanwhile, in Anahorish, the excerpt springs washed into the shiny grass is a metaphor for the passing of time, continuing on in the poem, as the whole point of visiting Anahorish was to arouse any memories which are too deep to stir though thought alone. Both poems are very similar, in which they both express the themes of reminiscing, the earth, and use a lot of the same linguistic techniques. However, in terms of context, the two poems differ substantially; Heaney clearly feels the same sentiments in both, a desire to use the Irish landscape to evoke deep memories, which he communicates to the reader so he can find himself. Development of Global Expansion Strategy: India to Britain Development of Global Expansion Strategy: India to Britain What started as an export house has today become a successful retail business presenting Indian textiles in a variety of natural fibers, and home products including furniture, lights and lamps, stationery, home accessories, pottery and cutlery. In 2004, food products range was launched and in 2006, FabIndia Sana, their authentic body care products range, was launched. Recently, it has also ventured into the jewellery segment. However, the major chunk of FabIndias product range is textile-based. The company has continued its focus mainly on the artisans and sources its products from over 40,000 craftsmen across India. With a strong foundation, the company has been successful in increasing its presence all over India. The concept, now a Harvard Business School case study, is simple. A fully-owned subsidiary of FabIndia, Artisans Micro Finance, a venture fund, facilitates the setting up of these companies, which are owned 49 per cent by the fund, 26 per cent by the artisans, 15 per cent by private investors and 10 per cent by the employees of the community-owned company. After a successful 50 years in India and after creating a niche market and millions of loyal customer base, company is going global. It is already present in 3 cities around the world. In this report we are going to look at the option of taking the company to one of the biggest economies of the work the Great Britain. We will study the market using the concepts of global marketing and try to analyze how successful venture it will be for FabIndia. The Porters five forces are used to study framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development. This reports also talks about what are the reasons for entering into UK. The study of Birmingham and Liverpool, as potential cities for initial setup of the FabIndia store and later expanding to other places as the demand rises. This report will give us the in depth of setting up the FabIndia operations in the UK. Introduction: The history of Indias freedom struggle is interwoven with the Charkha the unusual weapon, employed by Mahatma Gandhi to spread the message of Swadeshi. Gandhi gave the art of Khadi, a special status through this movement. Khadi simply means cotton, usually hand-spun. Khadi is Indian hand spun and hand-woven cloth. The raw materials may be cotton, silk, Polyester or wool, which are spun into threads on a spinning wheel called a Charkha. Khadis earliest avatar was fashioned some 5,000 years ago in India, the original home of cotton, hand spun and hand woven by crafts persons who in all likelihood followed the precise instructions on weaving, spinning and dyeing laid out in the Vedas. Khadi is part of Indian dressing from thousands of years and now is becoming one of the most sought out fabric in fashion industry. John Bissell worked as a buyer for the American departmental store, Macys. In 1958, under a program run by the Ford Foundation, he came to India to advise the Central Cottage Industries Corporation created by the Indian government, on showcasing Indian handlooms and handicrafts. His role was to advise on issues relating to marketing Indian handicrafts. Determined to showcase Indian handloom textiles, and providing equitable employment to traditional artisans, and sensing an entrepreneurial venture, Bissell established FabIndia in 1960. It was also to fuse the best aspects of East West collaboration. Initially, FabIndia started as a wholesale export company, concentrating on the export of upholstery fabrics. In 1999, on John Bissells death, his son William aged 32, formally took over as the Managing Director of FabIndia. The Companys domestic expansion had been spectacular after William took over. By 2001, FabIndia had six stores concentrated in the metro cities. By the end of 2004, these had increased to 20, and the company was seriously considering expanding its stores into the tier-II and tier-III, cities as well as overseas. By the end of 2010 FabIndia had 121 retail stores across India and in addition, stores in Dubai, Rome and Qatar. Company Philosophy: FabIndia is Indias largest private platform for products that are made from traditional techniques, skills and hand-based processes. FabIndia links over 40,000 craft based rural producers to modern urban markets, thereby creating a base for skilled, sustainable rural employment, and preserving Indias traditional handicrafts in the process. FabIndia promotes inclusive capitalism, through its unique COC (community owned companies) model. The COC model consists of companies, which act as value adding intermediaries, between rural producers and FabIndia. These are owned, as the name suggests, by the communities they operate from; a minimum 26% shareholding of these companies is that of craft persons. FabIndias products are natural, craft based, contemporary, and affordable. The essentials of FabIndias new business model are simple. Bissell first created Artisans Microfinance (AMFL), an investment company, which identified and helped fund 17 community-owned firms that FabIndia calls supplier-region companies, or SRCs. Many of these firms had at their core non-profits and cooperatives that had been FabIndia suppliers for two generations. But when they were restructured, their artisan-workers bought shares in the future and a guaranteed piece of FabIndias pie. By tapping the locals and angel investors, FabIndia got a 50-percent boost in investment. More importantly, the SRC shares have already appreciated 50 percent and more. Returns like those and the jobs they generate could spell an end to rural poverty and the ills of urban migrants. The steps taken by FabIndia for the development of the weaker sections of the societies are well appreciated by the customers and also by the Industry, the rewards and recognition with the loyalty of the customers to support the causes for which FabIndia works are also the USP of the brand. Why FabIndia Should Go Global? Going Global for any organization promises tantalizing possibilities. It helps a company in increasing the international brand recognition, grasp greater market share, and achieve top line revenue growth. FabIndia is well established in India with almost 100 plus stores in all major cities of India. The option of going global is very much a strategic decision of the company as the brand FabIndia has got its footprints in the minds of international customers of ethnic Indian products. The domestic markets is well captured and catered to, so the it the time when FabIndia should look for expanding in global market. Some of the reasons specific to FabIndia expansion are: Demand of Khadi (hand-woven fabric) and handicraft products in international market as it is one of the most sought out product in fashion industry and by designers. Demand of Indian handicraft is also increasing in the global market. The world market for handicraft products and ethnic products is approximately  £152 billion. This is increasing at 15% per decade, out of which Indian share is only 2% as there is no major established retail store like FabIndia internationally. Most of the product which reaches to international market is through unorganized sector. So company has got a first mover advantage. Thirdly, FabIndia works as a co-operative so the percentage profit is shared by the shareholders (weavers and artisan). So when a company like FabIndia goes global the cause for which they work also gets promoted which help them to make a loyal customer base. FabIndias Presence in UAE and Rome has given them the ground to know and research about the products which are widely accepted by people of not only Indian origin but also Western Expatriates working in that region. The store in Rome is the reflection of Thinking Global Acting Local, as the products are designed keeping in mind the taste of Italian culture and aesthetic. Selection of Country: After doing the research, on various countries, like, USA, Australia, Canada, Japan, Germany, France etc. we have decided to launched new stores in United Kingdom. The main reason of selecting UK as our target market can be many, but we have mention some of those here which are as follows, Geographic-Economic Environment: The United Kingdom is a country and sovereign state located off the North-Western coast of continental Europe. It is an inland nation spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northern part of the island of Ireland and many more small islands. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and unitary state consisting of four countries, England, Northern Island, Scotland and Wales. The UK is a developed nation with the worlds sixth largest economy by nominal GDP ( £1.3billion) and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity ( £23,188). It provides healthy environment for foreign direct investment and has low corporate and income tax rate that is 28% and 40% respectively in the Europe. It is also a member of European Union which has round about 28 member countries in the Europe. UK is considered as higher income country with peoples power of purchasing rising day by day. Besides this, some more reasons as follows, The easiest place to establish and run a business is Europe: According to a World Bank study, it takes only 13 days to establish a business in the UK. The World Bank has ranked the UK first in Europe and sixth in the world to operate business. Stable Political Environments: Transparency International rates the UK high on the transparency list. The UK is the country with the least corruption in the world. It achieves a higher rating in comparison to the US, Japan, Germany and France. Stable Regulatory Environment: the UK follows a consultative approach for formulation of regulation which is beneficial for a business environment. Gateway to the EU market: The UK acts as an excellent gateway to the European market which has 27 member states and an approximate population of 500 million. Social-Cultural Environment: Britain is often described as a secular society but also, confusingly, as a multi-faith society. The first term refers to the claim that the influence of religion has dwindled in modern societies. Although the 2001 census showed that 77% of people in Great Britain have a religious faith, the secular description is based on the claim that for most this faith is very shallow, with only a tiny minority being actively religious. The multi-faith label refers to the co-existence within British society of many faith communities, largely as a result of immigration. For every company it is dream location as British people are getting very open and accepting the other culture. Due to it peaceful atmosphere and the ethnic, modern and stylish lifestyle, it is a dream business destination for the companies. Now the culture is like Conglomerate that means a traditional company like is still having the opportunity to do the business and the same chances would likely available for international marketing companies. Due to global fashion trend this open consumer behavior would widen the opportunity in fashion and company like FabIndia must have the opportunity in the casual and formal dressings. Handicraft, Furniture and Organic Food Industry in UK: The handicraft industry is contributing  £ 100 millions to the UK economy. In terms of growth, this sector is growing on an average rate of 7%. Gifts and furniture industry contributes  £ 9.2 billion to the economy and organic food industry contributes  £280 to national economy. However, gifts and furniture are increasing at very slower rate because of financial downturn in October 2008. But, now after recovery of financial crisis, these two industries slowly covering and the growth of it expected to rise very soon. The apparel industry in UK is both vertically and horizontally integrated for maximizing returns. Strong laws protecting patents, designs and brands play a vital role in attracting foreign direct investment in the apparel industry. Joint ventures and investments in apparel have also been greatly enhanced by the wide network of European Union which UK signed with 28 countries in 2007. Handicraft Trade: After entering in the European Union, the handcrafts sale in the UK has been raised and it is continuously increasing by 7% annually which is very higher than last decade. Mostly UK imports handcrafts from various countries around the world, like, India, China, Japan, Vietnam etc. however, Indian and Chinese handcrafts and crafts carry the most of the weight of the import because of its popularity, attractive and uniqueness. Target Cities: After deciding on the country the next stage of our operations was to look for cities where we can step-up a business and get great response from the customers. Therefore, at the end we landed on two main cities in UK which are Birmingham and Liverpool. Why Birmingham? Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midland county of UK. It is the second largest city in the country after London with population of 1 million. Out of which 21% population is Asian British which will the prime target for FabIndia at the initial stage of opening stores. The population age between16-59 is 57.7% which is the main target customer for the company. As well as, it is industrial hub and second commercial centre of the UK. Its location is in the middle of the country therefore; it is much closer to cities like Leicester, Nottingham and Northampton where more Asian or Indian ethnic population stays. The city has highest number of foreign visitors after London therefore; there are high chances of getting business from this tourist who come from all over the world. It is shopping hub in the West Midland regions. The purchasing power of the city population is high as compared to other cities in the UK. The store will be open on the New Street which is shop ping centre of the city and very popular place. Therefore, we think Birmingham is the best city for us to introduce a store of handicraft goods. Why Liverpool? The city of museum, Liverpool is a metropolitan borough of Merseyside of UK. It is a fourth largest city in the country with population of almost 0.5 million. Liverpool status as a port city has contributed to its diverse population which historically was drawn from a wide range of people, cultures and religions. The economy of the Liverpool is one of the largest in the UK and per capita income of the local people is  £ 17489. Another important component of the Liverpool economy is tourism and leisure sector. It is a shopping hub in the region and people of the city are very fashionable and like to wear handicrafts products. Liverpool One is the most famous place and main shopping centre in the city; therefore, we are opening a store at that place, where we can easily attract customers to the store. Entry Strategy: To entering the UK market, we have gone through the various factors of investment, but at the end we have decided to enter in the market with the Foreign Direct Investment. We will use Greenfield Investment and start our operation from the scratch. The reasons for taking a FDI may be many; some of those are as follows, As we will get the total control of operation and do not need to depend on anyone in the business. The government provides a good support for FDI and gives concession in the corporate and income tax rates. It will helps us understand the UK market and in future our network and distribution channel which will be develop at the first phase of operation can be usable for future expansion in UK and in Europe. The soft loans from government and local banks will be easier to get when it required for future expansion. Global Marketing Strategy: For marketing of our products at the first stage Focus Strategy will be applied. A strategy in which, an organization aims to achieve market share, by focusing its efforts on serving a narrow range of market segments well. At the beginning of the business Asian and Asian British will be the first target customers in both cities and in the later stage British consumers will be targeted. The reason for this, FabIndia is follow word of mouth publicity and people who are already aware of the brand and its product will be targeted easily. Competitors Analysis: Porters Forces Analysis: This is used to analyze the competitive environment in each country market. The model identifies five sources of competitive pressures on the firm in a given country industry. It deals with global competition across several country markets. New Entrants: From the political analysis we could find that the country has an attractive business environment. Research also shows that entry barriers are low, so it is quite easy to set up a business in the country. Indian handcrafts and ethnic wear are popular among Indians and Europeans in UK. So, stores exclusively for Indian clothes are favorable in the country. This shows there is a high threat of new entrants who might want to set up a business in similar segments as well. Substitutes: The company has certain substitutes products which are served by brands like Wonderworld and Marks Spencer. But, the good thing is there are only a moderate number of substitutes. This would be an advantage to the company. But still the company must have an eye on these substitutes which might face a threat to them. Thus, the company must provide service and improvise in their products, such that these substitutes do not become a threat. Untitled11.jpg Buyer: The bargaining power of the buyer is high. FabIndia is exclusively into the Indian ethnic and contemporary segment. There are moderate substitutes in the country and research shows that there are more Asians in the region. FabIndia is also a brand well known in India and there is quite some brand awareness amongst the people. Thus, the bargaining power of the buyer is high. Supplier: Most of the raw materials which the companies mainly require are readily available in the country. But, the main point of importing from India is because of its workmanship and the purpose of the company. Opening a new branch overseas involves risks too. All these indicate that the suppliers have a low bargaining power. Rivalry: There are only are a few local competitors that offer the similar products and the company positions itself away from the international competitors and regards them as substitutes. Thus, the rivalry among the competitors is low. FabIndias purpose is quite different unlike other companies whose motto is only to make money. Thus from this analysis, we could draw a conclusion the country has a good market potential and the company could do good business in the United Kingdom. Segmentation and Targeting: Every company should embrace target marketing. Here, sellers distinguish the major market segments, target one or more of these segments and develop products and marketing programs tailored to each. Target marketing requires taking three major steps: Identify and profile distinct group of buyers who differ in their needs and preferences. Select one or more market segments to enter. For each target segment, establish and communicate the key distinctive benefits of the companys market offering.(Kotler, 2003) We did analysis on our target market and split into the following parts for Fabindia: Geographic: Region: United Kingdom Density: Urban (Birmingham and Liverpool) Climate: Both winters and summers Demographic: Age: 5-15, 15-30, 30-65+ Gender: Male and Female Nationality: Asian Expatriates, Asian of British Origin, British, Institutions (Designers, Hotels and Restaurants) Race: Asian and Asian British, White British Social Class: Lower, Middle and Upper Psychographic: Lifestyle: Culture oriented, Ethnic Indian, Contemporary Behavioral: Occasions: Regular and Special Benefits: Quality, Service, Economy , Speed Loyalty Status: None, Medium, Strong, Absolute Attitude Towards Product: Enthusiastic, Positive, Cultured, Indifferent, Hostile Positioning: Todays economies are afflicted with surpluses, not shortages. No company can win if its product and offerings resembles every other product and offering. Positioning is the act of designing the companys offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the mind of the target market. (Kotler,2003). All products need to be distinctive and differentiated. FabIndias brand can be differentiated as, Niche yet affordable. Handcrafted yet high quality This perceptual map helps the organization to identify where it stands in the market and also identifies its positioning strategy. When plotting a perceptual map two dimensions are commonly used. Below is a very basic perceptual map. If we plot the UK Indian handcrafts and clothing market we can identify those brands which are high price and high quality. Both FabIndia and Wonderworld are plotted as high quality and high price. But, the former leads its way in the perceptual map. C:UsersacerDownloadsPerception Map.jpg In our basic map, we can see there is competition within that particular area. Though we have stiff competition and substitutes from the likes of Marks Spence and websites like lehengahouse.com, we provide the real worth for the peoples money with no compromise on quality and design and that is why FabIndia attains its high quality and high price position in the perceptual map. Marketing Mix: Product: FabIndia has a variety of products in different ranged and caters from clothing to organic products. Men, Women Apparel and Home Linen: The textile-based product range includes ready-to-wear garments and accessories for men, women, teenagers and children; bed, bath, table and kitchen linen; floor coverings, upholstery fabric and curtains. Cotton, silk, wool, grass, linen and jute are the basic fibers used. We also have considered the weather conditions in United Kingdom and have altered our products to support this. We have used more woolen products, as it is the best material for cold weather. Our home Linen line will give our customers a traditional Indian decor in their home. Home Dà ©cor: Our home products range carries furniture, lighting, stationery, tableware, cane baskets and a selection of handcrafted utility items. Indian handicrafts have been accepted worldwide and since there is heavy demand we will offer wide variety of furnitures which will give our customers an opportunity to have and Indian theme and ambience in their very own homes. Organic Food: We carry several types of cereals, grains, pulses, spices, sugar, tea, coffee, honey, fruit preserves and herbs in our organic food range. The Organic food industry is one of the biggest industries today as it considered highly healthy and nutritional. Jewellery and Gift Accessories: In 2002, FabIndia launched a new jewellery line which was made with wood, copper silver and gold. The jewellery line was well accepted. They also have products product line as gifts like clutches, purses and wall hanging. All handcrafted and made in rural India. Ayurvedic Skin Care: Our range of Authentic Personal Care Products includes soaps, shampoos, hair oils, pure oils, moisturizers, body scrubs, face packs, hair conditioners and special skin care products. Ayurvedic treatment using Indian herbs is very popular in the western world today and is a big industry. Price: Our Pricing strategy will be made with the main objective on current profit maximization. In our entry strategy we will follow price-skimming strategy, as this is a new market and it would help establish ourselves and gain market position. Cotton Wool Silk.jpg Our price range will range from  £15 to  £150 as there are different materials that are used. After our second quarter we will follow the market based pricing strategy. Pricing will differ from Product to Product and will be at least 50% more than what it is in Indian market. Place We are looking at opening up our first 2 FabIndia stores at two prime locations Birmingham and Liverpool. 1.jpg * Traditional shopping area at Birmingham New Street 2.jpg *Liverpool One Shopping Center These are the two locations where our store will be located, as all the local people know them as a shopping hub. Our stores will have an ethnic yet contemporary design. Our stores will be big as we need to display a wide range of products and this would also give our customers a wide variety to choose from. Promotion: We have various Promotion plans to attract customers and earn their loyalty. Given below are a few of the Promotional activities that we intend to organize and implement. Customer Loyalty Program: In this scheme we will give our customers membership cards and allow them to collect points and allow them to redeem these points in forms of discounts and offering them gifts. We will have different Tiers, which will give our esteemed customers various privileges. Sponsoring Indian Events: India has various festivals that are celebrated worldwide, so we will approach the Local Indian Communities and sponsor events as this would help our brand to reach various customers and at the same time build a wide network and help in Brand Recognition. Organizing Fashion Shows: We will organize fashion shows to show-off our clothing line and this would help attract customers and make them aware on the actual appearance of our clothing line. 3.jpg We will also Invite children and organize a fashion show for them to show our clothing line for kids. Organizing an Indian Food Festival: 4.jpg As we already know that Indian Food is very popular all over the world we are planning to organize an Indian food festival offering various delicacies from all regions of India. Inviting Artists and Authors: We will Invite Popular artists and Authors to our store and support their new launch of books or paintings as this will give our customers to talk to them and understand how they work. Discount Sale in Festive Seasons: 6.jpg We are planning to offer discount sales on festive seasons to encourage consumers to choose our clothing line for their entire ethnic requirement. Promotion of Cause: It is one of the USP of Fabindia in International market like UK. The cause for which they work i.e. for the benefit of weaker section of society. This cause has to be promoted in a way that more people contribute and they realize that when they are buying fabindia product they are giving back to the society. Implementation Plan: Phase 1: This is one of the most important phases in our set up as we would start by setting up our corporate office to handle all operational and official responsibilities. We would also have to take the step of importing all the products and arranging all the logistics activities. At any initial its very important to set up a system as this would help in us to carry out a smooth operation. Corp office.jpg Phase 2: Now we will have to look out for stores in the locations suggested earlier and we will have to make sure the place is big enough to accommodate all our products as we want our customers to see our variety of products and choose. Once this step is complete we will have to recruit staff and train them on certain Indian festivals and also as to what clothing is to be worn on particular festive season as this would give our customers a comfortable atmosphere and an excellent FabIndia Experience as, A loyal Customer is a Permanent Customer. GoldCard.pngSilver Card-send.png Phase 3: Once our store is set and we are ready to kick off we will have to introduce the promotions that were suggested earlier in this plan, as this would encourage more customers to come and have a FabIndia Experience and also help enhance the brand value and recognition. FabIndia has never done too much marketing as they heavily depend on word of mouth and this has really worked for us because they already have a commendable marketing position in India. Phase 4: This is a final Phase where we successfully established ourselves in the United Kingdom and have to keep updating on our clothing line by introducing new designs and also keep modifying our other products. Once we have a commanding market position we can look at expanding into new areas and opening up more stores as the risk will be much lower. Risk Management: Retailing is one of the worlds largest industries. As retailing and wholesaling have become more global, competition has intensified. In addition to the global economic downturn, todays retailers face a wide range of challenges, including industry consolidation, employee attraction and retention, and business continuity. And as always, consumers are demanding ever-higher quality at ever-lower prices for the products they buy. For a retail business, these trends create a host of risks: strategic, financial, operational, and hazard   that can prove costly. Claims Consulting for company like Fabindia, employee and customer claims constitute the largest share of total cost of risk. Many claim consultants have partnered with these types of companies to manage these claims more cost-effectively. Merger, Acquisition, and Divestiture Mergers and acquisitions are common in the retail industry. They need to be efficient enough to minimize the risks associated with these complex transactions. Property Prices-Ever increasing price can affect the revenues of the company. So Fabindia will opt for long term leasing of store space. Competitors- Though highly unorganized there is threat of new entrance. So changes in strategies are important to keep competitive edge. Forex rate and Economy: after the 2008 economic downturn European Economy is still recovering so a close watch is required by management team about the future plans and expansions. Conclusion:

Characteristics of Tilapia Fish

Characteristics of Tilapia Fish Tilapia is generic name of an African cichlids endemic group. This group is composed of three aquaculture important kind of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon and Tilapia. Various characteristics differentiate these three genera, but the main critical concerns to reproductive conduct. All species of tilapia are nesting in builders; a brood parent guards the fertilized eggs in the nest. Both species of Sarotherodon and Oreochromis are mouthing incubators; eggs gets fertilized in the nest but the parents instantly pick up those eggs in mouths and keep them through brooding and for many days after hatching. Brooding in mouth is found only in Oreochromis species, while in case of Sarotherodon either male or both female and male are holding brooders (SRAC, 2005). During the last half of 20th century fish farmers all over the tropical and semi-tropical world have commenced farming tilapia (FAO, 2000). Today, commercial production of important tilapia goes to genus Oreochromis beyond Africa, and more than 90 percent of the farmed tilapia are Nile tilapia outside of Africa. (Balarin and Haller, 1982) reported that Nile tilapia is the most popular tilapia species for aquaculture and is widely distributed in many countries other than native Africa. Adaptability: Oreochromis niloticus is a quickly growing species which can live in various types of waters. It is extremely adaptable and can use a wide range of various food sources (along with plants), but feeds mainly on phytoplankton along with benthic algae. Even though Nile tilapia is assumed as a freshwater species it has shown a great margin towards salt and can survive in briny situations (Beveridge et. al., 2000). Stickney et al., (1979) reported that Nile tilapia can tolerate to a wide range of environmental conditions, fast growth rate, efficient to convert organic matter into high quality protein and have a favorable taste. Feeding Habits: Tilapia has broad variety food organisms that are natural, along with plankton, some aquatic benthic invertibrates, macrophyte, plank tonic and benthic larval fish, breaking up organic matter, and detritus. With heavy auxiliary feeding, natural food beings typically account for 30 to 50 percent of growth of tilapia. Tilapia is often referred as filter feeders as they can efficiently reap water plankton. The gills of tilapia release a mucous which traps plankton. Then mucous rich with plankton or bolus, is swallowed (EL-Sayed A.F.M., 2006). Tilapia is an omnivore; means feeds on both plants and animals food sources. However, feeding behavior depends with size and age. Larvae usually feed on phytoplankton (algae), fingerlings feed on zooplankton (artemia, moina, and rotifer), and while adults consume both plants and animal food sources near the surface because are floating feeders. In this regard, Caulton 1976; Saha and Dewan 1979; Brummett 1995; Turker et al. 2003 bumped that little tilapia filtered substantially more phytoplankton regarding than larger ones. In addition, Azim et al. (2003) looked into consequence of periphyton quantity and size of fish (7 and 24 g) on ingestion rate by Nile tilapia, and they observed that ingestion rate between small fish significantly increased with density of periphyton, but not for fish with medium size. Protein Requirements: Including Tilapia Proteins are important nutrients for all living organisms for their structure and function. Continual use of protein is being used for maintenance, growth and reproduction. Therefore, continuous supply of proteins or their component amino acids are necessary. Many studies indicated that fish does not have true protein necessity, but instead needs a well equilibrized mixture of dispensable and indispensable amino acids. Insufficient intake of protein will result in retardation of growth due to withdraw of protein from fewer vital tissues to maintain the function of critical parts. Too much supply of protein, however, only part will be used to synthesize new tissues and remainder will be converted to energy (NRC, 1983). Many findings have been carried out about the optimum dietary protein level for tilapia. This level for tilapia appears to be influenced by size or age of the fish and ranges from 28% to 50%. For fry dietary protein levels ranging from 36 to 50% have been shown to produce best level growth (Davis and Stickney, 1978; Santiago and Laron, 1991; El-Sayed and Teshima, 1992). That for juvenile 29 to 40% has been determined to produce optimum growth (Cruz and Laudencia, 1977; Teshima et al., 1978); for young adult fish up to 40g 27.5 to 35% appears to be maximum (Jauncey and Ross, 1982; Siddiqui et al., 1988; Wee and Tuan, 1988; Twibell and Brown, 1998). Practical diets for grow out of tilapia usually contain 25 to 35% crude protein. In ponds, however, fish may have access to natural food that is rich in protein, thus dietary protein levels as low as 20 to 25% have been estimated to be adequate (Newman et al., 1979; Lovell, 1980; Wannigama et al., 1985). Proteins are made up of amino acids. Arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine are the amino acids have been shown to be necessity for fish (Moyle and Cech 1982). The main problem is that quantity for each type required differs from species, and excessive quantity might be damaging a fishs health (Moyle and Cech 1982). Scoliosis (curvature of the spine) can result due to lack of amino acids in fish (Moyle and Cech 1982). Proteins are vital in the fish growth. Research has shown that due to certain proteins lack, growth will be scrawny. In the nature, omnivorous fish generally feed on ample alive organisms, protein enriched, that provide a valuable energy source (Moyle and Cech 1982). However, many commercial foods lack ample protein as it is expensive. Fish use large amount of energy to crush large and complex proteins. Due to this, carbohydrates and lipids are replaced as energy sources (Moyle and Cech 1982). Lipid requirement: On other hand, lipids are found in tissues of both animal and plant and are digestible completely (Moyle and Cech 1982). Symbiotic bacteria are present in guts of many herbivorous fish that helps to digest the carbohydrates and liberate its energy to fish. Lipids supply higher energy than do carbohydrates, and also render fatty acids, that are used for the energy construction reserves in fish. Predaceous fish normally have a maximum growth rate due to their diet of live fish, which are naturally high in lipids (Moyle and Cech 1982). Dietary lipids are the main source of essential fatty acids needed by fish for normal growth and development. They are vital carriers and assist in absorption of vitamins with fat-soluble. Lipids, especially phospholipids, are important for cellular structure and maintenance of membrane flexibility and permeability. Lipids serves as precursors of steroid hormones and prostaglandins, improve the flavor of diets and affect the diet texture and fatty acids composition of fish (Webster I. et al., 2002). Takeuchi et al. (1983) reported that essential fatty acid requirement of Nile tilapia was found to be 0.5% linoleic acid (18:2à Ã… ½6). Complete diets and Feeding Levels: Complete diets are important in semi intensive culture systems of Nile tilapia, for a provision of all essential nutrients to the fish. In order to develop such diets it is also necessary to know the specific nutrient requirements of the animal and optimize feed formulation in order to obtain fast growth of high quality fish at low costs, (Moore, 1985). Nutrient requirement of supplementary feed for Nile tilapia: Many studies have been done to find out the suitable optimum nutrient level for tilapia. Fineman and Camacho (1991) observed that 30% protein with 3500 kcal was better than 30% protein with 3000 kcal for supplementary feed for Oreochromis niloticus in brackish water ponds. Watanabe et al. (1990) found that final mean weight were high in 28% protein to 32% protein under all densities. Hanley (1990) found that increasing dietary lipid has no significant effect on growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein gain. De Silva and Perera (1985) and Siddiqui et al.(1988) cited by Zonnveld and Fadholi (1991) found that optimum protein levels for fry and young Nile tilapia reared at maximum growth should be 28-30% respectively. Water Quality Requirements: Nile tilapia would grow well in water with a temperature range of 20-35 °c and optimum between 28 ° and 30 °C and productivity can be assumed at a maximum within this temperature range (Ballarin and Haller, 1982). Tilapia cannot survive at a temperature below 10 °c for more than few days. When it exposed to cold water, disease resistance is impaired and death may result in only few days (Lovell, 1989) The tolerance level of DO for Nile tilapia is as lower as 0.1 mg/L (Magid and Babiker, 1975). Chevrvinski (1982) reported that O. niloticus could survive by using atmospheric oxygen when dawn DO concentration drops to less than 1 mg/L. Colt (1987) demonstrated that Nile tilapia growth reduces as DO level reaches below 5mg/L.. However, its survival depends on the duration of low dissolved oxygen in the culture system. In tanks, fish survive at the oxygen level of 1.2 mg/L by gulping oxygen from the atmosphere for up to 36 hours if other water quality parameters remain at an optimum level (Balarin and Haller, 1982). Nile tilapia has a lethal pH limit at approximately 4 and 11 respectively and pH between 6.5 and 9 is the desirable range for fish culture (Swingle, 1969) Nile tilapia is more tolerant of high ammonia level than any other species of fish. The lethal ammonia level for tilapia is 2.3 mg NH3-N/L., but it was reported that by prolong exposure, it can tolerate levels of up to 3.4 mg/L (Stickney, 1985). A level of unionized ammonia above 0.5 mg/L frequency results in mortality when fish are further stressed by low oxygen, handling (Ballarin and Haller, 1982). Nile tilapia is not directly affected by alkalinity and tolerance level as high as 700 to 3,000 mg/L CaCo3 (Morgan, 1972). A total alkalinity range of 20 400mg/L is considered satisfactory for most aquaculture purpose (Tucker and Robinson, 1990 cited by Lawson, 1995). Phosphorous requirement The dietary requirement for phosphorus in tilapia varies from 0.9% (Watanabe et al., 1980), 0.45-0.6% (Viola and Arieli, 1983), 0.3-0.5% (Robinson et al 1984, Robinson et al., 1987) to 0.46% (Haylor et al., 1988) depending on species, fish size, food composition or expression of a reported requirement, available or final dietetic phosphorus. The diet containing the complete mineral premix contained 0.9% total phosphorus, whereas the unbalanced calcium and phosphorus diet contained 0.5% overall phosphorus. Although fish could partly absorb phosphorus from its environment (Lall, 1979, Lall, 1989, Lall, 19911, dissolved phosphorus is usually at very low levels of about 0.005-0.05 Mg/L, which is inadequate to meet their requirement (Nose and Arai, 1979 cited in Lall, 1991). Hepher (1954) (as cited in Hepher and Sandbank, 1984) noted that even in fish ponds fertilized with phosphates, the level of phosphorus does not increase much above its normal low level due to absorption to soil colloid and precipitation as insoluble compounds. Phosphorus is a component of phosphoproteins, nucleic acids and phospholipids, which play important roles in energy metabolism. Addition of dietary phosphorus has been reported to decrease the lipid content of muscle and viscera, whereas muscle protein content increased (Murakami, 1970 cited in Lall, 1979; Takeuchi and Nakazoe, 1981 cited in Viola et al., 1986; Shu, 1987; Hung, 1989; Wee and Shu, 1989). Calcium requirement The requirement for calcium in tilapia reared in calcium-free water was found to be 0.65% for 0. areus (Robinson et al., 1984, Robinson et al., 1987). In the calcium and phosphorus uncomplemented diet, the calcium level was about 1%. At this level, even without supplementation, it appears that the calcium level in the soybean-based diet would be sufficient to meet the requirement. The availability of dietary calcium to fish has not been studied. Furthermore, under normal conditions, one cannot demonstrate a calcium requirement in fish (Cowey and Sargent, 1979; Robinson et al., 1984, Robinson et al., 1987; Yarzhombed and Bekina, 1987) because of calcium uptake from the water (Dabrowska et al., 1989; Luquet, 1991). In Nile tilapia, calcium uptake takes place in the skin, particularly by the opercular membrane (McCormick et al., 1992). In contrast to phosphorus, it seemed, therefore, that the calcium requirement could be met from the rearing water. Activities such as liming of ponds are likely sources of calcium. The similarity of calcium levels in the final carcass of fish fed the calcium supplemented, calcium non-supplemented diets and the non-fed fish further support the likeliness of calcium uptake. The calcium is a must in the fish diet for balancing the calcium and phosphorus ratio. Maintaining an optimum Calcium and Phosphorus ratio is important in diets for red sea bream, eels, and brook trout but not for catfish, carp, and rainbow trout (NRC, 1973, NRC, 1983; Ogino and Takeda, 1976; Viola et al., 1986; Hepher, 1988; Lall, 1991). In tilapia, the role of the Ca: P ratio is not well defined and merits further study (Robinson et al. 1987). However, noted that in freshwater fish, dietary Ca: P ratio does not generally impair growth or tissue concentration as long as dietetic phosphorus is adequate and calcium is present in the rearing water. Feeding standards of supplementary feed for Nile tilapia This is a set of tables, which include the quantity of each dietary component required for each age and species of fish for different levels of production and maintenance. When complemented by tables of feeds composition, then it is possible to formulate accurate rations for individual or fish groups, an essential process for a least-cost ration feeding program operation. Marek (1975) composed a feeding chart of common carp and tilapia. The chart was having estimation of natural food in the pond and subtracted from the calculated feed requirements for maintenance and expected growth. The charts are based on the weight of fish, and changes are adjusted according to the daily growth of fish. In most cases, therefore ration is fixed for a longer period of time (Hepher, 1982). Feeding rate of Nile tilapia Underfeeding of fish can result in production loss. Overfeeding will cause a costly feed wastage and a potential cause of water pollution in addition, a condition ensuing loss of animals or needing expensive corrective measures. Hence, both overfeeding as well as under-feeding has serious economic effects that affect the farm viability. Bard et al (1976) stated that most of the supplemented feed is not fully eaten by fish; some drop to the bottom of the water contributes to development of phytoplankton, hence promoting growth of fish both direct and indirect way. Sometimes a vague instruction might be read, like feed 5% of biomass per day as a dry feed. This might be applied during whole growing cycle. This would most likely result in near famishment in the early stages and gross excessive feeding and later water quality problems. Feeding rates must not be steady throughout the whole of the growth cycle till table size. They must be changed according to the fish age and its size to conditions of water. Brown et al (1979) demonstrated that it is uneconomical to balance diets fed to fish in ponds according to the absolute nutrient requirement of the fish. Stocking density and size Feeding level of fish in the semi intensifier system increases with the increase of density of fish. As t density of fish in the semi intensive culture increases per unit area, the food requirement of fish also increases. This increase of biomass does not relate with the increase of raw food and in many cases is associated with a decrease in the production of food from nature due to limited supply to the overgrowing biomass stated (1979) that when the biomass of fish increased, each fish gets a smaller amount of natural food, which may not meet its nutrition requirement. This deficit can be covered by supplementary feed. Natural Food in a semi intensive culture Algae or phytoplankton is an microscopic weeds form the base of the fish food chain. Adequate temperature, sunlight, and nutrients are basic for all green plants needed for growth. In presence of the sufficient light and proper temperature, chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) nutrients are readily assimilated by phytoplankton and increasing their abundance. Manure comprises the same nutrients, is released and present to phytoplankton during and after decomposition. As phytoplankton absorbs fertilizer nutrients and reproduces to create dense communities pond water changes to brownish or greenish color. This is known as phytoplankton bloom. There are three basic feeding pathways by which input of fertilizer in the pond provides nutrition for fish: Direct consumption of organic matter by fish Autotrophic productivity of algae pursuant to fertilization and their consumption by filter feeding fish. Heterotrophic productivity of micro organisms and benthic micro organisms from manure inputs and their successive consumption by fish. These three basic feeding pathways can operate in a single aquaculture system, even though their relative importance still a subject of intense debate Colman and Edwards, (1987). In Israel experimental work reported that the heterotrophic pathway of organic manure was found to be more efficient than an autotrophic pathway, Schroeder (1980). It was stated that low fish production by an autotrophic food chain was due to the sunlight limitations of phytoplankton with filter feeding fish mainly depend on heterotrophic organisms that are not light dependent. Therefore, the autotrophic food chain is required to provide the necessary DO which limit to the heterotrophic feed chain Colman and Edwards, (1987). The fertilized ponds with nutrients stimulate the microscopic plants growth in the water (phytoplankton). Phytoplankton is food for other water creatures (zooplankton and larger animals) that fish eat. Water becomes turbid or greenish color (called a bloom) Martin et al (1999) because of abundant growth of microscopic plants. Evaluation of the nutritional value of natural food is a difficult because each fish species has its own nutrition requirement from its diet Determination of biomass of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos in the fish pond must be related to the food requirement of fishes. Until now, there is not a reliable method developed for determination of secondary production, although primary production can be estimated. Spataru et al (1979) reported that supplementary feed can replace some of the natural food. Aquino and Neilso (1982) supported that Oreochromis niloticus grow well in cages on food. The primary producers which are sourcing of food to different type of fish are not digested equally by fish. Blue green algae Anabaena, Microcystis, Oscillator was reported to be indigestible because they have copious moulage, cellulose wall, or firm periblast, (Zhang, 1989). Recent research work in China indicated that Tilapia can digest green-algae (Zhang, 1989). Mellamena, (1990) reported that algae contain protein, fat, Carbohydrates varies 22% to 48%, 2% to 16%, and 14% to 24% respectively. Zooplankton has more protein and fat content than any other phytoplankton except one gabber. Diatoms which have the more silicious cell wall contain higher quantities of inorganic matter. Tamiya, (1975) found that the average protein content of algae is about 50% on a dry matter basis. The biological value of algae is about 81.5% meaning that 124gram of algal protein corresponds to 100 grams of egg protein. The amino acid composition of algae is similar to that of FAO reference protein except, there is a slight deficiency in cystine and methionine. Lipids found in phytoplankton are typical ester of glycerol and fatty acids having a carbon number from C14 to C20. The major acids in diatoms are palmitic (16:0), hexadecanoic (16:1), Becker (1989). Blue green algae have a larger amount of polyunsaturated fats (25% to 68%) oftotaltriglyceride up to 80% of the totalalgae lipids. Lipid content of Cyanobacteria and green algaein outdoor mass culture is 7% to 15% lipids (Becker, 1989). (Nostocsp., Calothrex sp., Oscallaria and Spirulina sp., Urenima sp.) and 20% to 25% lipids in green algae (Scenedesmus),to 10% in dry weight. All plankton feeders fish reported to digest diatoms such as Silver carp and tilapia (Power, 1960, 1966). Tilapia zillii in Israel revealed that it had a capacity to disintegrate after gelatinous matrix colonies of blue green algae, especially Microcystis (Spataru, 1978).

The Development of the American Conservation Movement Essay examples --

The Development of the American Conservation Movement John Muir helped the development of the American conservation movement during the late nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. The creation of the National Park Service, the creation of several major national parks, including Yosemite National Park and the creation of the Sierra Club were all because of John Muir. In the late nineteenth century America was in a stage of expansion and economic development that used as well as threatened much of the natural world. Much of the economic development was in the form of industrialization that took its toll of the environment with both its consumption of natural resources as well pollution. This expansion and economic development had adverse consequences on the environment of the United States. During this time of development many became aware of the damage being done to the natural world and attempted to prevent or limit this damage being done. It is during this time of both industrialization and spiritual awakening that the conservation movement arose with one of its most famous activists, John Muir. John Muir believed that for the future of America that the natural world should be protected. Muir felt that the environment of much of the United States was not protected properly and the locations that were protected were not managed adequately. Muir felt that Americans had much to gain from the protection of their national resources and park lands. In John Muir’s book Our National Parks, written in 1901 he states: â€Å"Awakening from the stupefying effects of the vice of over-industry and the deadly apathy of luxury, they are trying as best they can to mix and enrich their own... .... The conservation movement had grown and spread as a result of the industrialization of America. John Muir became a leader of this movement to protect the natural world for all generations. His outspoken actions were major influences in the protection of many national parks as well as the formal arrangement of the National Park System which today still protects our natural world. [i] John Muir, Our National Parks. ( Boston, New York: Houghton Milffin Company, 1901)pg.1. 2 John Muir, My First Summer in the Sierras. ( Boston, New York: Hougnton, Milffin Company, 1911)pg,138. 3 Henry Thoreau, Excursions. (Boston: Ticker and Fields, 1863)pg.41. 4 Gifford Pinchot. The Fight for Conservation.(New York: Doubleday,Page and Company, 1910) Summary 5 John Muir, My First Summer in the Sierras. ( Boston, New York: Houghton, Milffin Company, 1911)pg.196.

Hockey-The Rodney Dangerfield Of Sports Essay -- essays research paper

Hockey, The Rodney Dangerfield Of Sports   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the US, there are four major sports; football, baseball, basketball, and hockey. Out of the four, hockey gets the least amount of respect. This is something that bothers me as hockey player and fan, and it also bothers other hockey fans around the country. They way that hockey is covered in the newspapers, on television, and not just professional hockey. It goes the same for college hockey and also high school hockey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lets start at the top with the NHL. The NHL has a TV deal with ESPN and ABC so that the two companies share the Stanley Cup Finals. The NHL’s championship series. (It should also be noted that ABC owns ESPN). The problem with TV deal is that ESPN is a paid for cable station, which means that you can only watch the finals games on ESPN if you have cable. Because of this, hockey doesn’t get as much exposure as other sports do too a new audience. The World Series is on FOX or NBC, the NBA Finals are on NBC, and the Super Bowl is on FOX, CBS, or ABC. All of those stations are free to a viewer with a television. There is no monthly charge for service of those stations unlike ESPN. This is where hockey gets shafted, the NHL is the only sport that has its championship game or series on cable TV where only a specific audience as access to it as opposed to the entire nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But it is not just the Cup Finals that are on cable te...

Blackrock by Nick Enright Essay

The impact of difference that is revealed in nick Enright’s text ‘Blackrock’ and Ed Fischer’s ‘go to the closet’ is that gender difference and those who are of different belief can majorly impact a group/individual severely. In particular being a female in a young male’s society, or having the belief that homosexuality is acceptable in society. The play ‘Blackrock’ portrays gender difference within the community where women are discriminated against and don’t have ample opportunities in which the males almost always have. The male characters have a close bond and an adequate amount of respect for each, due to being a male. Whilst treating females with little respect. The males expect that the females have to listen and do what is asked of them, objectifying them sexually. Then using derogatory language towards them. Scott- â€Å"piss off, you old slag. † When not living up to their standards. In a number of scenes, the treatment of the males to females is shown significantly. When ricko asks jarred to cover up for him and lie to the police, jarred feels obligated to protect his ‘bro’ instead of assisting in justice for one of the girls. At the party the girls are yet again expected to act a certain way and according to the boys they should act flirty as well as ‘put out’. As the girls explore their sexuality, as requested by the boys they get sworn at as well as abused. Scott-â€Å"she’s been through ricko already. Now its Gary. Now she’s a fucken band mole. † Towards the end of the play the males show no remorse for their behaviour against Tracey, and suggest that Tracey was acting a certain way for them to pursue in sexual relations, claiming that she consented. As a consequence of their actions Tracey was left alone and vulnerable, leaving ricko the chance to take advantage of the state Tracey was in. However in defending toby, Stewart expresses apprehension of what would happen to toby if he was convicted of his crimes, and once imprisoned as a young male would then possibly become a victim of sexual assault within the prison walls of grown men. Rachel points out that gender difference in the matter of everyone being contemptuous about Tracey’s assault and the fact of matter that the behaviour being excused and unaccounted for. The girls stick to together before, during and after the party. Scott- â€Å"couple of lezzos, are you. † Additionally the text ‘go to the closet’ also depicts discrimination due to sexuality differences. In this cartoon facial expressions and hand gestures by the puritans who look disgusted and intolerant of the homosexual couple, pointing them towards the closet. This suggests that society does not tolerate homosexuality because it is different. Ed Fischer’s is persuading the audience about difference of same sex marriage, and his opinion on the puritans, as well as the wrongful treatment that some people receive is intolerable, it is wrong and to not discriminate against people with different sexual reference. In addition to both the text and cartoon, difference in gender or sexuality can effect an individual/group in such a harmful way, whether it be traceys death, or the 2 homosexuals being ‘sent back into the closet’. Not only women but other different pinioned people should always be accepted and recognize the facts that it is acceptable in today’s society.