Cyber Language Research Script

Now I am going to introduce the cyber language which is used by foreigners. English cyber language usually comes from online games, video games and general pop cultural, like movie, youtube video clips, and so on. People usually take the first alphabet of the words in a phrase and combine them into a new word. And these are some of the examples of acronym. They are commonly use all over the world. I think these examples you all may be familiar with, so now I am going to introduce some not so familiar examples. LOL is obviously a example of acronym, which is a short form of laughing out loud.People take each word’s first alphabet to create LOL. And for ‘he’s 404’ means he is clueless. This word includes coinage and ideogram. For coinage, usually when a web page cannot be found, then the internet will pop up a 404 web page to inform you. Therefore when we cannot find someone, we can call him 404. And for ideogram, people instead of saying directly he’s clueless, they refer to the picture of the web site 404, so it is a ideogram. The next one is ASAIK. ASAIK means ‘as soon as I know’. It is also an example of acronym. It is a short form of the phrase as soon as I know.And for the next example, it is easy to know what it means. It means see ya. It includes compounding, because it is combined with 2 words, see and ya. And also the letter C is a homophone of the word see. They both pronounce in the same pronunciation. At the same time, it also includes syllabic writing system and rebus writing system. It is a syllabic writing system, because C represents /si:/ to replsce see /si:/ ,so is syllabic writng At last, it includes rebus writing system, because it uses another word with the same sound to replace it.The word see is replaced by the letter C, and the you is replaced by YA. And at last, this word means night. It includes syllabic writing system, the nine : /nain/ replace nigh /nai/. And it sticks with the letter â⠂¬Ëœt’, which is an alphabetic writing system. Also it is same as CYA, it also includes rebus writing system. The sound nigh is replaced by a word which is similar its sound, nine. Emoticons is a pictographic writing. It use different kinds of punctuation to form a facial expression.This emoticons are usually use in computers, mobile and also other communicating devices and forum. These emoticons can express our feelings even more direct, sometimes it is better than using words to express our feelings. And also these emoticons can help us to save time. For example, if we want to express we are so happy, instead of typing alphabets, we type the punctuations into a smiley face, it would save a lot more time. Type happy, we need to type 5 alphabets, but a smiley face, only needs 2 punctuation, and that’s it.Therefore it really save time form typing words. Because of the efficiency of emoticons, it is now a trend all over the world, and among all the countries, japan is on e of the countries which use emoticons the most. And here are the examples of emoticons. We can see that there are a lot of emoticons to express different kinds emtions. Taiwanese and mainlanders may also miscommunicate throughout a conversation, although they share the same language,Putonghua. The miscommunicate is because of their cultures, each one develop their own kinds of words into their language e. . (1) Taiwanese may use ‘ ‘ to express you are so annoying. But when the mainlanders saw this, they may misunderstand as you are such a motorbike. It would be a totally different ecplanation. And there is also another e. g. (2)mainlanders may use ‘? ‘ to mean being frightened. But in Taiwan, it reminds people that the post in the forum would disclose a play's information. So they use the same word, but the meaning of the word ’? ’ means differently to different culture and nation.

Horror movies

Why Horror Films Rule the World? More and more horror seekers are willing to line up to buy tickets for a scary movie and sit in the front of the screen to watch with blood and terror, all to enjoy the intense experience of being afraid. Scary films provide a terrifying experience of fear in many moviegoers; however, not everyone is willing to take time to enjoy the feeling of being scared and such, instead viewers reject horror movies because they do not want to spend money to feel afraid, threatened, and uncomfortable.On the other hand, many moviegoers are so attracted to watch those horrible scenes, which provide a channel for them to ace their inner emotions without telling anyone else. The increasing popularity of scary films raises an interesting question: if fear is a natural survival response to a dangerous, threatening, or painful situation, why will a lot Of moviegoers desire to seek out that feeling? The answer is obvious.Even though horror movies reveal something disgusti ng and terrible, the appeal of being afraid is one way for viewers, especially young audiences, to achieve spiritual fulfillment. Watching horror movies leaves moviegoers feeling a rush of excitement when they explore their fears, like the experience of riding a leer coaster. Allegro Ring, in her article â€Å"Why Do Some Brains Enjoy Fear? † describes how the excitement of self-scaring comes from the history of roller coasters.She explains that constructing the tracks and carriages to carry screaming riders across the mountains, which instead of sitting in sleds and speeding down the mountain with additional man-made bumps (Atlantic. Com). The improvement of roller coasters was making riders more excited. Scary movies, are similar to roller coaster, although viewers feel terrified, they enjoy the experience of screaming out and new thrills. The automation satisfies many viewers' emotional enjoyment when the appeal of horror films reaches their inner fears.In addition, Stephe n King, author of â€Å"Why Crave Horror Movies†, argues that â€Å"An horror movies, like roller coasters, have always been the special province of the young† because they have higher desire â€Å"to show that we can, that we are not afraid, that we can ride this roller coaster†, an observation that compares the idea of scary movies to roller coasters that design are for people, particularly young adults, to seek excitement and build confidence (29).Horror movies are most poplar with the young generation, but middle-aged and older adults have less need for getting their scares from horror movies because their real lives are scary enough, such as facing layoff, losing loved ones, dealing with poverty. In other words, young viewers are drawn to the appeal of being scared because they are more likely to look for intense experiences and confirm their capacity of facing their fears.Going to a horror film may not result in immediate excitement like riding a roller co aster, but those scary plots will lead most viewers to gradually feel excited by building the suspense or the audience. Watching horror movies not only offer a wealth of stimulating feelings for audiences to explore their fears, but the monsters in those scary scenes are relatable on a very human level. According to Jason Kinsman, author of The Critique of Pure Horror, states the theory of the philosopher Nol Carroll, a staunch critic of the psychoanalytic approach, â€Å"One virtue of Mr..Carol's theory is that it captures the paradoxical nature of horror's allure: the very oddity that makes monsters repulsive is precisely what makes them attractive† a observation that monsters so attracted to the ewers because those monsters as symbolisms reflect the darkest feelings of humanity (31 ). Many people put on masks to conceal their darkest fears when they around others in their daily lives.People may often have the same feelings as monsters who want to change the world in some w ays. They also want to break the unfair rules without following the law. Even though some of them have those evil ideas, they cannot really do this. Watching horror movies provides a chance for them to expose emotions that society considers unacceptable. Monsters like zombies and ghosts are the horror and disgust elements of scary genres let evil thoughts, wrong decisions, opposite emotions totally expose.When people are brave enough to sit in front of a movie screen that shows the bloody and terror, they can understand their darkest side of themselves. In other words, film producers create monsters, which sketch out the most natural darkest fears of human, to help moviegoers accept and face their fears. Enjoying scary condition is a safe way to earn emotional release that help viewers temporarily escape from the real world.Kinsman mentions that â€Å"while these scholars argued that horror taps onto positive emotions that are otherwise repressed, other psychoanalytic theories saw horror in the opposite light: as a safe and cathartic way to deal with darker feelings† an observation that suggests that scary genres are the safe paths leading to emotional relaxation and on escape from the real world (31 Moreover, Sharon Begley, in her article â€Å"Why Our Brains Love Horror Movies†, mentions that â€Å"we know that, in an hour or two, we're going to walk out whole.We're not going to have any holes in our head, and our hearts will still be in our bodies† (Deliberates. Com). This illustrates why fans of horror ivies are willing to spend one or two hours to sit in the theaters. They know horror movies allow them to explore their fears without placing them in real danger. In other words, the viewers are comfortable with dealing with their darkest fears when they watch those scary genres because they are in a protected state of their minds; they understand that no real harm can come to them. To really enjoy a horror movie, people have to know tha t they are in a completely safe space.The appeal of horror movies goes beyond thrill- seeking and emotional relief because it serves as an effective way to learn how to handle terror. As Begley suggests, â€Å"by learning to suppress feelings and display mastery or cling to others in a dependent ploy for protection, a person learns to cope with another aspect Of his or her environment, a skill that may be useful in dealing with more than just horror pictures† (Deliberates. Com). Scary genres help people learn to manage fears, particularly for teenagers and young adults.More and more moviegoers are willing to line up for the tickets of horror movies, and place themselves in a fear inducing situation for one or two hours. After they expose their forbidden emotions in the cinema, they should try to control those feelings hat society consider unacceptable in their real lives. Although people can happily face the best aspect of themselves; at the same, they need to learn how to de al with their worst and darkest inner emotions. The horror movie genre allows horror seekers to gauge their respective capacities of facing their undesirable feelings.People sometimes love to watch horror films with their friends, families, or lovers because a scary situation helps them to build stronger relationships. Shelley Taylor, in her article Tend and Befriend: Behavioral Bases of Affiliation Under Stress†, shows that â€Å"in addition to eight-or-flight, humans demonstrate tending and befriending responses to stress-?responses underpinned by the hormone extinction† (psych. UCLA. Deed). When people feel afraid, they can release hormones, like cytokine, that solidity the scary moments in their memory.Sometimes audiences care more about the experience Of going to a horror movie with the person, who they consider important, than the scary movie itself. If those viewers have a good movie experience with their friends, families, or partners, they are more likely to bu ild a special closeness in stressful and scary situations. In reticular, horror movies help build relationship between partners. Benjamin Lee, author of â€Å"Scream 4: A Good Date Movie†, believes that â€Å"it may seem odd, but theres good reason to expect that watching a horror movie could increase attraction between partners† (counterrevolutionaries. Com).When a couple enjoys the thrill of fear, they share their reactions of being scared with each other, which leads to a stronger feeling of intimacy because the mutual uneasiness naturally tends to develop stronger bonds between two or more individuals. As I have shown, horror movies present stress inducing subjects, UT those scary images provide a special way for moviegoers, especially young people, to experience psychic satisfaction. Those horrific experiences offer viewers an opportunity to look for stimulation similar to riding roller coasters and a means to deal with the feelings that society consider unaccepta ble.Monsters in scary films play an important role in creating a link with the feelings of an individual's heart. Moreover, horror films develop an environment of being scared but in a safe environment People allow themselves to release their inner fears. More importantly, the purpose of itching scary genres is to learn how to manage ones fears because it as a skill to help people lead a better life. Experiencing fear together can lead people to build stronger relationships with each other. Horror movies Why Horror Films Rule the World? More and more horror seekers are willing to line up to buy tickets for a scary movie and sit in the front of the screen to watch with blood and terror, all to enjoy the intense experience of being afraid. Scary films provide a terrifying experience of fear in many moviegoers; however, not everyone is willing to take time to enjoy the feeling of being scared and such, instead viewers reject horror movies because they do not want to spend money to feel afraid, threatened, and uncomfortable.On the other hand, many moviegoers are so attracted to watch those horrible scenes, which provide a channel for them to ace their inner emotions without telling anyone else. The increasing popularity of scary films raises an interesting question: if fear is a natural survival response to a dangerous, threatening, or painful situation, why will a lot Of moviegoers desire to seek out that feeling? The answer is obvious.Even though horror movies reveal something disgusti ng and terrible, the appeal of being afraid is one way for viewers, especially young audiences, to achieve spiritual fulfillment. Watching horror movies leaves moviegoers feeling a rush of excitement when they explore their fears, like the experience of riding a leer coaster. Allegro Ring, in her article â€Å"Why Do Some Brains Enjoy Fear? † describes how the excitement of self-scaring comes from the history of roller coasters.She explains that constructing the tracks and carriages to carry screaming riders across the mountains, which instead of sitting in sleds and speeding down the mountain with additional man-made bumps (Atlantic. Com). The improvement of roller coasters was making riders more excited. Scary movies, are similar to roller coaster, although viewers feel terrified, they enjoy the experience of screaming out and new thrills. The automation satisfies many viewers' emotional enjoyment when the appeal of horror films reaches their inner fears.In addition, Stephe n King, author of â€Å"Why Crave Horror Movies†, argues that â€Å"An horror movies, like roller coasters, have always been the special province of the young† because they have higher desire â€Å"to show that we can, that we are not afraid, that we can ride this roller coaster†, an observation that compares the idea of scary movies to roller coasters that design are for people, particularly young adults, to seek excitement and build confidence (29).Horror movies are most poplar with the young generation, but middle-aged and older adults have less need for getting their scares from horror movies because their real lives are scary enough, such as facing layoff, losing loved ones, dealing with poverty. In other words, young viewers are drawn to the appeal of being scared because they are more likely to look for intense experiences and confirm their capacity of facing their fears.Going to a horror film may not result in immediate excitement like riding a roller co aster, but those scary plots will lead most viewers to gradually feel excited by building the suspense or the audience. Watching horror movies not only offer a wealth of stimulating feelings for audiences to explore their fears, but the monsters in those scary scenes are relatable on a very human level. According to Jason Kinsman, author of The Critique of Pure Horror, states the theory of the philosopher Nol Carroll, a staunch critic of the psychoanalytic approach, â€Å"One virtue of Mr..Carol's theory is that it captures the paradoxical nature of horror's allure: the very oddity that makes monsters repulsive is precisely what makes them attractive† a observation that monsters so attracted to the ewers because those monsters as symbolisms reflect the darkest feelings of humanity (31 ). Many people put on masks to conceal their darkest fears when they around others in their daily lives.People may often have the same feelings as monsters who want to change the world in some w ays. They also want to break the unfair rules without following the law. Even though some of them have those evil ideas, they cannot really do this. Watching horror movies provides a chance for them to expose emotions that society considers unacceptable. Monsters like zombies and ghosts are the horror and disgust elements of scary genres let evil thoughts, wrong decisions, opposite emotions totally expose.When people are brave enough to sit in front of a movie screen that shows the bloody and terror, they can understand their darkest side of themselves. In other words, film producers create monsters, which sketch out the most natural darkest fears of human, to help moviegoers accept and face their fears. Enjoying scary condition is a safe way to earn emotional release that help viewers temporarily escape from the real world.Kinsman mentions that â€Å"while these scholars argued that horror taps onto positive emotions that are otherwise repressed, other psychoanalytic theories saw horror in the opposite light: as a safe and cathartic way to deal with darker feelings† an observation that suggests that scary genres are the safe paths leading to emotional relaxation and on escape from the real world (31 Moreover, Sharon Begley, in her article â€Å"Why Our Brains Love Horror Movies†, mentions that â€Å"we know that, in an hour or two, we're going to walk out whole.We're not going to have any holes in our head, and our hearts will still be in our bodies† (Deliberates. Com). This illustrates why fans of horror ivies are willing to spend one or two hours to sit in the theaters. They know horror movies allow them to explore their fears without placing them in real danger. In other words, the viewers are comfortable with dealing with their darkest fears when they watch those scary genres because they are in a protected state of their minds; they understand that no real harm can come to them. To really enjoy a horror movie, people have to know tha t they are in a completely safe space.The appeal of horror movies goes beyond thrill- seeking and emotional relief because it serves as an effective way to learn how to handle terror. As Begley suggests, â€Å"by learning to suppress feelings and display mastery or cling to others in a dependent ploy for protection, a person learns to cope with another aspect Of his or her environment, a skill that may be useful in dealing with more than just horror pictures† (Deliberates. Com). Scary genres help people learn to manage fears, particularly for teenagers and young adults.More and more moviegoers are willing to line up for the tickets of horror movies, and place themselves in a fear inducing situation for one or two hours. After they expose their forbidden emotions in the cinema, they should try to control those feelings hat society consider unacceptable in their real lives. Although people can happily face the best aspect of themselves; at the same, they need to learn how to de al with their worst and darkest inner emotions. The horror movie genre allows horror seekers to gauge their respective capacities of facing their undesirable feelings.People sometimes love to watch horror films with their friends, families, or lovers because a scary situation helps them to build stronger relationships. Shelley Taylor, in her article Tend and Befriend: Behavioral Bases of Affiliation Under Stress†, shows that â€Å"in addition to eight-or-flight, humans demonstrate tending and befriending responses to stress-?responses underpinned by the hormone extinction† (psych. UCLA. Deed). When people feel afraid, they can release hormones, like cytokine, that solidity the scary moments in their memory.Sometimes audiences care more about the experience Of going to a horror movie with the person, who they consider important, than the scary movie itself. If those viewers have a good movie experience with their friends, families, or partners, they are more likely to bu ild a special closeness in stressful and scary situations. In reticular, horror movies help build relationship between partners. Benjamin Lee, author of â€Å"Scream 4: A Good Date Movie†, believes that â€Å"it may seem odd, but theres good reason to expect that watching a horror movie could increase attraction between partners† (counterrevolutionaries. Com).When a couple enjoys the thrill of fear, they share their reactions of being scared with each other, which leads to a stronger feeling of intimacy because the mutual uneasiness naturally tends to develop stronger bonds between two or more individuals. As I have shown, horror movies present stress inducing subjects, UT those scary images provide a special way for moviegoers, especially young people, to experience psychic satisfaction. Those horrific experiences offer viewers an opportunity to look for stimulation similar to riding roller coasters and a means to deal with the feelings that society consider unaccepta ble.Monsters in scary films play an important role in creating a link with the feelings of an individual's heart. Moreover, horror films develop an environment of being scared but in a safe environment People allow themselves to release their inner fears. More importantly, the purpose of itching scary genres is to learn how to manage ones fears because it as a skill to help people lead a better life. Experiencing fear together can lead people to build stronger relationships with each other.

The Ethics of Micro Finance

Christopher Martin ‘Micro-finance programmes are aimed at reducing poverty. What ethical challenges are raised by the operation of micro-finance and which ethical theory can best be applied to assess how Grameen Bank addresses these challenges? ’ Introduction: The essay seeks to examine the ethical issues raised by the operation of microfinance. In the first section, an overview will be offered. In the second section the ethical challenges posed by operation of micro-finance will be examined. In the third section, an overview of Grameen Bank will be given.Finally, in the fourth section, the ethical theories of Kant, Bentham and Aristotle will be applied to the ethical issues raised by the operation of Grameen Bank to see which theory best applies. 1. What is micro-finance? Conventional banks like we in the west know are not as widespread in the developing world. Even in places where there ‘mainstream’ banks do have operations, large numbers of people will no t be in a position to utilise their services. Such people have been termed the ‘unbankable poor’. The World Bank estimates that there are 2. billion people (nearly 40% of world’s population) who do not have access to formal financial services. Microfinance has emerged in the last few decades in response to the needs of such people for savings and loans facilities. It is an alternative to them have to use the services of what are colloquially termed ‘loan sharks’, who charge high rates so high that borrowers struggle to pay off the principal sum borrowed. Micro-finance is the provision of savings facilities and small value loans to typically to poor people in the Third World.Such people have a need for financial services, particularly as there is a lack of in rural areas where there is a lack of banking facilities. This makes it harder to makes deposits and so build up any sort of savings. For instance 1 †if you live in a straw hut in a village, finding a safe place to store savings is not easy. † People need sums for 2 â€Å"life-cycle events such as births, marriages & emergency situations. † Stuart Rutherford in ‘The Poor and Their Money' outlines the 3 â€Å" Three common ways of raising large sums i) selling assets they already own (or expect to, e. g. dvance sale of crops) ii) mortgaging or ‘pawning' those assets. iii) finding a way of turning their finding a way of turning their small savings into large lump sums. It is important to note that there is not any ‘one-size fits all' definition of poverty . Muhammed Yunnus asks the rhetorical question 4 â€Å"Who on the list below is poor and who is not: -a jobless person, -an illiterate person, -a homeless person, -a person who does not produce enough food to feed his or her family year round, -a person with a thatched house that lets in rain? -person suffering from malnutrition, -person who does not send his or her children to school? s treet vendor? Micro-finance may increase someone's income but that may just be spent on everyday consumption and not on addressing any of the different facets of poverty on Yunnu's list. For instance, using an increase in income to send a child to school. Savings The very poorest may be too risk averse to take out a loan as they may have an erratic income, for instance due to crop failure. Hence the need for savings. In micro-finance schemes there are two types of savings schemes: I) Locked in: not available for withdrawal until a member a customer left the bank.Used as loan collateral The use of this method was based on the 5 â€Å"Powerful perception tha that the ‘poor cannot save. † ii. Open-access savings which can, it is argued, 6 â€Å"generate much more net savings per client per year (and thus greater capital for the MFI) than compulsory, locked in savings schemes†¦ and provide a useful and well used facility for clients while doing so. † Fundamental to the repayment of micro-finance loans is the group dynamic principle. Peer pressure plays an important part in binding members together.Trust is built up and the commitment to repay is increased via mutually reinforcing behaviour. It can be described as a case of ‘one for all one and all for one' in terms of repaying the loan. -However, there are potential problems as it depends on the co-operation of members. However, 7 â€Å"if it goes badly, then they are all in trouble. † A benefit of individual loans is that 8 â€Å"the lending institution knows who exactly is responsible for the repayment of the loan, and does not get lost in a maze of group members referring to or blaming one another. ’’Section 2 ethical challenges Doubts have been cast on the overall utility of micro-finance programmes in reducing poverty. Some critics argue that 9 â€Å"that micro-finance programmes fail to reach the poorest, generally have a limited effect on income, address the symptom rather than the social cause of poverty†. The 10 â€Å"focus on income poverty† being reduced by 11 â€Å"the provision of credit for income-generation through self-employment. † Neglects to address the deep rooted causes of poverty such as lack of education and poor transport infrastructure.Micro-finance is concentrated on the ‘bankable poor' as they are seen as more able to take advantage of a loan to e. g. buy more equipment and so 12 â€Å" can take more risk than the poorest households without threatening their minimum needs for survival. † It is ironic that a program aimed at reducing poverty excludes the very poorest from participating. However micro-finance programs obviously the motive of reducing poverty. There are 13 ‘’MF premised on the notion that credit is a human right it can improve the lives of the poorest . †But as the very poorest are excluded the application of credit as a ‘human right' is not universal. If something is a ‘human right' is supposed to apply to all humans. In this case it doesn't so it would fail Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative†¦.. It could be argued that Yunnus is instead focussing micro-finance on those people who are in the position to benefit most from it. 14 â€Å"Although Yunus frames his vision of MF in the language of human rights, his ideas are in fact concerned with entrepreneurial rather than redistribution. † Thus he is a social businessman rather than a philanthropist.Micro-finance institutions are self-sustaining businesses rather than charities and so 15 â€Å"poverty reduction becomes an externality and not a goal as such†. Thus Yunnus and others could be charged as potentially using borrowers as means rather than ends. Section 3 Grameen Bank Economics professor Muhammad Yunnus was motivated to set up Grameen after being disheartened at the level of poverty he witnessed in rural villages in his native Banglad esh in the early 1970's. A catalysing experience was when he met 16 â€Å" Sufiya Begum, a woman from a village called Jobra.Like many others in her village, she relied on the local moneylender for the cash she needed to buy the bamboo for the stools she crafted. † That loan was only granted on the condition that she sold to him (the money lender) all of her output at a price determined by him. 17 â€Å" Thus, though hard working, she was trapped in poverty. † Furthermore the villagers were cut off from borrowing from 18 â€Å"conventional bankers since they had no credit histories and no collateral to offer, and could not even fill out the necessary paperwork because they were illiterate†. 1.Muhammed Yunnus's was focused on providing the loans to the landless as he saw them as being more entrepreneurial than tradition bound farmers. He was very much of the view that micro-finance could help the poor to help themselves through becoming self reliant. Grameen mean s village in Bengali. Muhummad Yunnus wanted the bank to be the antithesis of a faceless bureaucratic bank headquarted in a large city (even though it is now). He aimed at recruiting banking staff who would build up an understanding of the everyday lives of villagers and the challenges they faced.This would make it easier to identify which people would benefit most. Crucially this helped to engender the building up of levels of trust between the borrowers in village who took out the collateral free and contract free loans. Vitally the development of the level of trust necessary to ensure repayment collateral free loans without any contract was the process of group dynamic in binding borrowers together with mutually reinforcing behaviour. What helped make the repayment process be manageable for borrowers was that loans were paid in small weekly instalments rather than one lump sum to worry about at the end of the loan period. )Application of ethical theory: Grameen Bank's focus on bo rrowers becoming self reliant relates to them developing virtues of self reliance and not being burdensome to others. Yunnus argued 19 †On the recipient side, charity can have devastating effects. It robs the recipient of dignity, and it removes the incentive of having to generate income. It makes the recipient passive and satisfied with thinking ‘all I have to do is sit her with my hand out and I will earn a living† Instead, borrowers will developing a sense of ownership by coming 20 â€Å"With their own ideas† for business generation.In this respect Yunnus is treating borrowers as ends and not means as he leaving it up to them how they behave. The programme develops members sense of self-discipline of saving regularly as they had to 21 â€Å"save for several months before they were eligible for to borrow. The requirement to save first also results in an investment in the institution that will lend to them – thus the loans they receive are financed not just by an outside faceless agency, but also by their own savings and those of their friends and neighbours. The borrowers are much more likely to be committed and conscientious about repaying. ’. Yunnus challenges the assumptions on human nature made by conventional banking paradigms by issuing collateral free loans without any contracts. 22 â€Å"Grameen assumes that every borrower is basically honest. We may be accused of being naive, but it saves us having to fill in all those endless documents And in 99 per cent of the cases our trust turns out to be vindicated. Bad loans of 0. 5 per cent is the cost of doing business, and it also represents a constant reminder of what we need to improve in order to succeed. † Micro-finance proponents can't be completely 3 â€Å" ethical claiming to reduce poverty while pursuing other objectives. This is particularly so because other people’s money is involved†. The intentions of institutions should be transparen t, e. g. through a mission statement and should not be cloaked in language that hides agendas of e. g. making a profit for shareholders, by only stressing social objectives. 24 â€Å"Furthermore the imbalance of power between the lender and the borrower. † surely makes it harder for borrowers to pursue their own interests as they have to be reconciled with the banks financial interest.Within the framework of the ethics of Immanuel Kant, Professor Yunnus succeeds ethically as is acting from the altruistic motive of reducing poverty. Kant agreeed that 25 â€Å"to act from a good will is to act from duty. † Aristotle takes a stricter approach by arguing that acts are ethical if agents go beyond just doing so from a sense of duty. For instance, someone only went to visit an elderly relative out of a sense of duty, and not from any greater concern for the relatives welfare.Muhammad Yunnus's focus on helping the poor maintain their sense of dignity by becoming more self reli ant is consistent with Kant's approach as Kant argues 26 â€Å"â€Å"Our free will is what gives us our dignity and unconditioned worth† This of course relates to Kant maintaining that people should be considered as ends in themselves rather than means to someone else's end. Kant's stress on the universality of ethical principles is relevant to the potential problem of people stopping viewing promises as binding.The group dynamic principle of micro-finance surely make the promises of members more binding as otherwise it would seem that if one person got away with not paying, then no one would and then the bank would not lend to them.. Additionally, as the borrowers and the bank are both benefitting so 27 †No one (is) used merely as a means in an voluntary economic exchange where both parties benefit. † Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill's Utilitatarianism holds that the ethical utility of actions can be measured by the consequences. This approach is onsistent wi th the cost-benefit analysis adopted by contemporary businessses where the utility being measured is profit. In the case of Grameen Bank the utility can be measure by a) the rate of loan repayment According to Yunnus the default rate was only 28 â€Å"0. 5 per cent†. However, on the other hand many members of Grameen were unhappy with their savings being ‘lockked-in' and 29 â€Å" were leaving the organisation in order to realise their (often substantial) compulsory savings. † Such members went on strike in 1995 to protest at being denied accesss to their savings. 30 â€Å"The financial consequences of the strike were profound.According to an unpublished Grameen Bank internal report (1996), in Tangail District the cumulative un-repaid amount had climbed to over $2 million. † More generally, in terms of consequences for members there have been benefits. The scheme has helped the majority to build up savings that could be used as capital. Additionally it the scheme has helped reduce income poverty 31 â€Å"Grameen bank members had incomes about 28 % higher than the target group of non-participants. † Act utilitarianism seems like the most appropriate branch of Utilitarianism to apply to Grameen bank and Muhammad Yunnus.An act is right' if it maximises utility. A sort of moral s is used to calculate the long term benefits and harm for each actor and then compute the result. But there is the problem of time-framing how long a period eto consider. One is reminded of Keynes quote ‘in the long term we are all dead'. Act utilitarian’s consider themselves equally with others so are not egoist in just assessing whether an act maximises their own individual utility or well being. Yunnus does seem sincere in doing that and is aiming to benefit the members as opposed to just enriching himself.However on the other hand, Utilitarianism could be consistent with the Grameen member group dynamic process discussed earlier. Members r ealise that there will be bad consequences for them and their peers if they don't follow the ‘rule' of repaying' and so are compelled to follow the rule. Robert Solomon, writing in ‘A companion to business ethics' argues that 32 â€Å" â€Å"In business ethics it is generally agreed that three elements, the principles of an action, the action itself, and the action's consequences must be taken into account. However there is another option†: virtue ethics.Grameen's ethos of borrowers using using the loans to become self employed is connected to them developing the character traits consistent with the virtue of self reliance. Aristotle deemed behaviour a virtuous if is it was consistent with a 33 †mean between the extremes† of e. g. being dependent on someone else's act of charity and being selfish. As the 34â€Å"Various virtues reinforce one another†, the principle can be applied to the Grameen member group dynamic of mutually reinforcing behav iour encouraging the repayment of the loan.In this case it is the non relative virtue of trustworthiness that is being reinforced. It could also be argued that different members are motivated by Aristotle's 33 â€Å"Idea of practice- shared cooperative activity with mutually understood goals and ways of doing things. Conclusion Muhammad Yunnus set up Grameen bank with a good motive out of concern for the poor. Yes, this pure motive has been diluted by the pragmatic need for the bank to be financially self sustaining. For instance the previous use of locked in loans would be termed coercive by Kant, so in this aspect the borrowers are being treated as means.How the bank lets members come up with their own ideas for business generation is consistent with Kant’s belief on people’s free will that enables them to be rational and moral. Furthermore as both the bank and the borrowers are benefitting from this economic exchange, then the borrowers are not being treated as mea ns and so this would pass Kant’s test of whether it is ethical. It is difficult to measure the individual benefits and downsides experienced by the individual members, thus making it a less effective ethical yardstick. However the high repayment rate does score well on the Utilitarian scale.But ultimately, Muhammad Yunnus is motivate by concern at the suffering of the rural poor. Crucially he wants to help them help themselves. One is reminded of Bob Geldof’s fishing rod analogy –better to give a man a fishing rod, than a fish. Yunnus and Grameen bank are thus actively promoting the virtue of self reliance. Additionally they are promoting the virtues of co-operation and trust via the group dynamic and by the fact the loans are collateral and contract free. Critics of Yunnus may have attacked him because he isn’t the perfect philanthropist. Rather, he is a socially responsible businessman.Bibliography Wright, Graham, ‘Micro-finance systems' 2000, The University Press, Zed Books, London. Roy, Ananya, ‘Poverty Capital' 2010, Routledge, Oxford. Activities that are unlikely to create indebtedness† Rutherford, Stuart, †The Poor and Their Money', 2000, Oxford University Press, New Delhi Yunnus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), ‘Banker to the Poor', 1999, Aurum Press, London Yunus, M, Moingen, B and Lehmann-Ortega, L, ‘Micro Finance- Building social business models: Lessons from the Grameen experiences', article in ‘LONG RANGE PLANNING   Ã‚  Volume: 43   Ã‚  Issue: 2-3   Ã‚  Special Issue: Sp.Iss. SI   Ã‚  Pages: 308-325   Ã‚  Published: APR-JUN 2010 Rutherford, S, ‘The Poor and Their Money' , 2000, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Frederick, R, ‘Companion to business ethics', 2002, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford Vanroose, A, ‘Is microfinance an ethical way to provide financial services to the poor? Microfinance: Are its promises ethically justified? CEB Working Paper N ° 0 7/014 June 2007 References 1. Wright, G, Microfinance Systems, page 2 2â€Å" â€Å" page 1 3â€Å" â€Å" page 5 3. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 10 4.Wright, G, page 71 6. Wright, G, page 69 7. Wright, G, page 139 8 Wright, G, page 139 9. Wright, G, page 6 10. Wright, G, page 8 11. Wright, G, page 8 12. Wright, G, page 11 13. Roy, A, ‘Poverty Capital, page 13 14. Roy, A, page 23 15. Vanroose, A, CEB Working paper, page 11 16. Yunus, M, Moingen, B and Lehmann-Ortega, L, ‘Micro Finance- Building social business models: Lessons from the Grameen experiences', Page 314 17. Ditto 18. Ditto 19. Yunnus, Muhammad (with Alan Jolis), ‘Banker to the Poor', page 22 20. Yunnus, Banker to the poor, page 114 21. Wright, G, Microfinance systems, page 137 2. Yunnus, ‘Banker to the poor’, page 111 23 Vanroose, A, ‘Is microfinance an ethical way to provide financial services to the poor? , page 4 24. Ditto 25. Frederick, R, ‘Companion to Business Ethi cs, Chapter 1 by Solomon, R, page 3 26. â€Å" â€Å" page 4 27. Frederik, R, page 7 28. Yunnus, M, ‘Banker to the poor’ page 111 29. Wright, G, page 78 30. Wright, G page 78 31. Yunnus, & Lehman-Ortega, page 12 32. Frederick, R, page 30 33. Frederick, R, page 30 34. Frederick,R page 32

Setting up an independent record label ( BUSINESS PLAN ) Essay

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Give a topic - Research Paper Example This was mainly driven by the steadily growing population which gave rise to a growth in agriculture, trade and industry (Fairbank & Merle 89). China’s economy in this period was based on agriculture and all other sectors were either drawing from it or servicing it. In the era of the Song dynasty, China’s agricultural system was the most productive worldwide. However, China’s fast raising population quickly led to a decline in labor costs towards the 19th century (Fairbank & Merle 93). To overcome the situation, industrial producers started substituting labor for capital goods whenever the chance presented itself. Similarly, Japan’s population grew in the same period. A national unifier named Tokugawa Ieyasu established a dynasty after victory in battle. This gave way to changes including bringing in new crops from the West and Chinese technology in civil works. More land was put under irrigation. The government, under Tokugawa, opened up trade with the We stern world and encouraged its people to take part in economic activities. It promoted industrialization by helping private businesses in allocation of resources and planning, while the private sector stimulated economic growth (Mosk 41). But unlike China, Japan’s growing population did not bring about a decline in labor costs. In the 19th century, China and Japan were faced with similar situations of advancing industrialization with moderately low productivity levels in agriculture. Low agricultural productivity translated into low wages, and this factor presented both a challenge and an advantage (Fairbank & Merle 104). It meant that the labor supply in agriculture was elastic enough to move to manufacturing, which was an advantage. However, the challenge was how the farm labor could be freed up for employment in the factories by raising productivity of labor in farming. The different decisions made by the two countries to raise productivity of

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Measures of Effectiveness in BP Accident - Essay Example Managers must always therefore monitor the functionality of a company’s infrastructure often making renovations whenever necessary. This ensures that a company has an effective and updated infrastructure. Additionally, constant supervision of the infrastructure ensures early detection of malfunctions thus instituting timely remedies. Another equally important lesson from the oil spill is the need for a functional contingency plan coupled with adequate resources to facilitate such plans in case of eventualities. The British Petroleum took long to respond to the disaster a feature that enhanced the effects of the accident. Effective contingency plan ensures that a company responds appropriately to disasters. Response to disasters includes taking responsibility where necessary thereby responding appropriately to mitigate the undesirable effects of such accidents. An appropriate contingency plan coupled with adequate financial resources enhances effectiveness of operations in a company especially in times of disasters since the company takes control of such accidents thereby limiting their effects. BP incurred immense financial loses owing to its inability to institute a timely response to the disaster. Contingency plans are dynamic in nature and would therefore provide a timely response to a calamity thereby cushio ning a company from incurring similar

Examine why commodity prices might be expected to be volatile than the Essay

Examine why commodity prices might be expected to be volatile than the prices of manufactured goods. Explain how the expansion of bio fuels could push up the pr - Essay Example Examples are tyre, table, etc. The word volatile means flexible. In other words it means something which is subject to change. 1. Interest rate: Commodity price changes inversely with the interest rates. That is, the higher the interest rate, lower the commodity price and the lower the interest rate higher the commodity price. 2. Future Trading: The futures contract refers to an agreement between two parties for the purchase or sale of goods or bill of exchange which is being fixed at the time of agreement, but the actual delivery of goods take place at a future date. â€Å"In futures trading, there is usually a contract, which is essentially an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an underlying asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. A futures contract usually has a standardized date and month of delivery, quantity and price.† (Futures Trading). Future contracts result in the prices of commodities becoming more flexible. In order to safeguard the interest of some parties in future trading some company may opt for increasing the prices of commodities. Future trading mostly happens in commodities. For manufactured goods, future contracts are very less. So the prices of commodities are more volatile than the prices of manufactured goods. Demand and supply of the commodities are other reasons for the price volatility of the commodities. That is, the commodity market is more price elastic. A slight change in demand or supply of the commodity may result in a very high change in the price of the commodities. But in the case of manufactured goods the price elasticity is very less. That is, change in demand or supply results in a very low change in price of the goods. So the prices of manufactured goods are less volatile. 4. Large number of producers: There will be large number of producers for the commodities. This results in frequent fluctuations in the prices of commodities. When one producer reduces or increases the price

Employment law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employment law - Research Paper Example Lastly, the candidates should provide references (Wrycza 150). After submitting the job application form, the applicants wait for the short listing of successful applicants who will have to undergo an interview. The interview format refers to how the interview is going to be conducted. It should be pre-planned. The interview program and questions should be written in advance to save time and avoid embarrassment. Questions that are not permissible should be exempted. For example, religion, race, tribe, genetic information, marital status, nationality origin and arrest records. Candidates may also be required to fill an E.E.O.C form. However, this should not require information that can lead to discrimination for example, race, disability, genetic information, religion or pregnancy. Successful candidates should affirm their readiness to abide by the conflict of interest policy for the company. This will include all areas of their responsibilities towards the company. Employees should s ign the employee acknowledgment form prior to employment. This states that they are ready to abide by the company’s rules and safety policies they have read. Outside employment According to Burton (123), there is an outside employment policy that guides on employees having an outside employment. They are allowed the outside employment on condition that it does not interfere with their performance in their duties. These include CACFP-related responsibilities. It should also be done off the current employer’s premises and outside the employee’s functional work schedule. Job post policy There are policies that guide and protect both the employer and employee postemployment. The Family Leave policy grants employees to take a family leave after working for at least one year with minimum of 1250 working hours within the 12-month period prior to the leave application. The Family pregnancy policy entitles maternity leave for expectant mothers. The sexual harassment poli cy aims at maintaining a working environment that is void of any form of sexual harassment. Allegations of sexual harassment are taken seriously and legal action taken against the accused be it a fellow employee or the employer (Sunshine Village 7). The harassment policy provides for the maintenance of a working environment that is void of any form of harassment. Complains of such should be urgently treated as grievances Personal appearance is important. All staff employees should be neat and clean while on duty. Attention should be paid on grooming, cleanliness and tidiness in hair, clothing and general personal hygiene. Employees must present a good professional outlook. In the manufacturing job, dust coats are won. However, they should be clean and neat. The E.E.O.C. provides that no one should be denied employment on discriminatory grounds. These include disability, race, sex, age among others. All applicants must have equal opportunity to employment. The handicap/ disability po licy requires that persons with disabilities should not be denied employment, promotion, transfer or be discriminated against due to their disabilities as along as they can demonstrate ability to cope and perform in the employment. Medical examinations should only be conducted after employment. No employee should also be fired to their medical conditions or disabilities that may be revealed from this. The human resource department issues out the current benefits sheets to employees. Benefits entitled to employees may

Integrating Business Model Canvas in Feasibility Assessment of Share Essay - 136

Integrating Business Model Canvas in Feasibility Assessment of Share Economy Businesses - Essay Example The Business Canvas Model’s Inspiration is an artist who does his work on canvas painting. The chassis of the model takes into consideration the consumer, the product offered, the infrastructure and the monies of a business model. The Canvas Model is a visualization of a business model that seeks to explain how a firm creates, delivers and captures value. There are nine building blocks within the Business Canvas Model. Its popularity is mainly with entrepreneurs for business innovation. An alignment of a feasibility study with a business model is a strategic business-planning tool. Being a share economy business, most of AirBnB’s customer segments are interdependent usually consisting of personal and business travelers (PPTPOP 2014). Identifying the different markets such as the mass market, niche market, segmented, diversified, or a multi-side platform is a crucial stage in the process (Osterwalder and Pigneur 2013, p.164). The company caters to a multi-sided market. I t offers shared rooms; private rooms or a guest could just rent out the entire place. Feasibility analysis is necessary to find out the gap in the current market (Hass2 008, p.48). The personal travelers were the initial target for Airbnb as they were the most alive to pricing and more amenable to where they stayed. Airbnb's offering is especially popular with business travelers who want to stay in a place for more than a week and want to feel more homely than in a hotel. The main channels for customer acquisition for AirBnB are its website and application, social media, public relation, and word-of-mouth. A share economy business encourages collaborative consumption in the economy (Botsman and Rogers2010, p. 132).  Identifying how the value proposition of the company is a fundamental stage in the feasibility study (Johnson 2010, p.158).

Environmental audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental audit - Essay Example DISCUSSION Anything that impinges on the firm can be included in the environment. The environment is not stable; in fact, it is increasingly turbulent due to the era of change and uncertainty in which we live. Changes are happening faster and faster, requiring continual response on the part of businesses. Thereby, it is becoming increasingly imperative for companies to carry out feasibility studies and environmental audits to assess the nature of the new market and plan the strategies accordingly. Tesco is one of the largest food retailers on the globe. It operates approximately 2318 stores and its employer base is over 326,000 people. The largest market of Tesco is UK where it operates under four banners including Extra, Superstore, Metro and Express. Tesco spans itself over almost 40,000 food products along with clothing and other non-food lines. Moreover, the company's self owned products which make 50 percent of the sales are at three levels, value, normal and finest. Tesco has g eographically expanded it self to locate in six countries in Europe along with UK, the Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey and Poland. It also operates in Asia, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan Jordan is a constitutional monarchy which gained independence from the British in 1946. It consists of a well-educated population and the economy is supported through foreign loans, remittances and international aid.. The environmental audit revolves around the PESTLE factors, which are the political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental elements. The PESTLE analysis would be used to develop strategies to help understand the environment that the company is entering and would operate in future. PESTLE analysis gives an overall picture of the feasibility of the venture and helps the organization in dealing with critical issues associated with entering an entirely new market. (Jewell, 2000) The political environment concerns the a ctivities of the state and trends in politics. Jordan is moving towards privatization, but still the government is in control. The mixture of privately and government-owned enterprises is called a mixed economy. The Business Freedom count of Jordan is 68.7 Business freedom is referred to the quantitative measure that assesses the overall regulatory burden to start, operate and close a business and depicts the regulatory efficiency of the government. The business freedom score is calculated between 0 to 100, 100 being the score of countries with the freest business environment. (The Heritage Foundation, 2011) Operating in a globalized environment with stores around the globe, Tesco's performance is highly influenced by the political and legislative conditions of the countries that it operates in, including the European Union (EU). (South, 2007) The economic variables play an important role in the environmental audit. The economic variables include the rate of growth of output and inc ome, the level of employment, the rate of inflation, the exchange rate and the balance of payments. (Jewell, 2000) Jordan has been progressing towards its economic infrastructure which has aided economic growth regardless of the challenging global economic environment. Levels of trade, fiscal, and investment freedom

Method of Inquiry Essay Example for Free

Method of Inquiry Essay The method of inquiry is based on gathering observable, factual and measureable evidence. Basically, methods of inquiry are ways that an investigator gathers the information for the case that they are investigating. Methods of inquiry are used in criminal investigation by collecting evidence, statement collection, and going through electronic databases and even the internet. The methods of inquiry are all used in conjunction to reconstruct the crime scene. The methods are also used by utilizing the five W’s, who, what, when, where, and why, and also how. There are three methods of inquiry that are used in an investigation and those are authority method, tenacity method, and intuition. An example of a method of inquiry is when an investigator is collecting the statements from either the victims or witnesses. The investigator will take all the information and evidence that is collected, compile it all together and come up with the reconstruction of the crime that was committed. The optimal mindset of an investigator is one that is able to look for the motive of the crime that is at hand and able to investigate all the possibilities of even the most obvious evidence that has been gathered. In my own opinion, I think that an optimal mindset is where the investigator can process all the evidence at hand, in their mind and come up with a conclusion of what occurred. Also I believe that the mindset is one that can be taught through training and experience. The scientific method is a systematic approach of observation, hypothesis formation, hypothesis testing and hypothesis evaluation that forms the basis for modern science. There are anywhere from five to eight steps in the scientific method. However, all versions of the scientific method involve the person trying to solve the problem experimenting to find an answer. A prudent criminal investigator will apply the scientific method within the course of his or her investigation to ensure that an investigation is done neutrally and without basis.

Raymond Briggs Essay Example for Free

Raymond Briggs Essay During the 1980s there was fear of a nuclear attack. Mass protests were held in order to prevent nuclear armament. Many politicians gave formal sermons to the public, warning them of the threat of nuclear war and the effects of the bombs. However, Raymond Briggs uses cartoon books and film to illustrate the serious message, making it more interesting, so more people take notice of it. When the Wind Blows follows the lives of a conventional, elderly couple in the countryside. Their names are Jim and Hilda Bloggs. The name Bloggs shows that they are very ordinary and could represent anybody. The first section of the cartoon strip shows the idyllic countryside in which the couple live. There are fluffy clouds in the sky, but at the same time these clouds are very ominous, as we later find out. These clouds soon become mushroom clouds after the bomb hits. There are bright colours filling the pages making their lives seem cheerful. The windmills in the background generate wind using the latest technology, however, this technology is what creates the bomb. Jim reads the newspaper when he arrives home and we realise that the lives shown in the newspaper are so very different compared to his and his wifes simple lives. My life isnt very fast-moving or dynamic. Jim always tries to sound intelligent but gets things wrong constantly. This makes us feel terrible pity for Jim because he is so hopeless. On the video, Jim squints quite often and Hilda always hobbles. This shows their vulnerability. The simplicity of the illustrations of Jim and Hilda is a reflection of their characters. The couple seem very warm and kind because of their round bodies. They both have rosy cheeks giving them a plump and healthy appearance as well. The endearing name, Ducks, that Jim has for Hilda adds to their innocence. Jim and Hilda trust the government completely and think that without the official leaflets theyd have been totally non-prepared. However, we know that the leaflets are just there to comfort the people, because no one can escape the radiation sickness after a nuclear bomb explosion. Their naivety shows when they seem to think that there is going to be a war and not a nuclear bomb. I can soon touch it in after The Bombs gone off. There is some irony in their comments because, after the supposed war, they will be wiped out. During the build-up to the bomb, the lullaby Rock a Bye Baby plays in the background. This gives the story its title. The irony here is that, when the bomb hits, hot winds will sweep over the countryside causing mass destruction. Lullabies are usually sung to children so it makes the couple again seem innocent and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve. We feel even more sympathy for Jim and Hilda when they look back at the community spirit of World War Two with nostalgia. They never seem to see the grim reality of what is happening to them. As the bomb hits, all the audience and reader can see is a bright white light. This represents the total obliteration that the bomb causes. The colours outside change from cheerful colours to ones of luridness. While Jim is reading out names of political organisations, there are strong drumbeats playing in the background, giving a threatening sense. The drums beats get louder, drowning out Jims voice, showing the nuclear war as being more important. Flashes of real-life footage also add to the threatening atmosphere and show the reality of what is happening. The names of organisations flash onto the screen then they fall apart and become distorted. This reflects Jims thoughts of the names. They mean nothing to him and, as far as he is concerned, they are just letters. The fact that they all fall apart shows that there is no safety, even from organisations set up to protect people. After the explosion, we see the inevitable 0death of Jim and Hilda. Bags start to appear round their eyes, Hildas ankles start to sag and her hair falls out. This is a very moving build-up to their death, as it shows the awful reality of the bomb. The couple have hardly any food to eat, but manage to find one fruit pastille. Their true love for each other is shown here as they cut the pastille in half, making it fair. During the aftermath of the bomb, both Hilda and Jim have fantasies. We feel sympathy for them here because their childish fantasies make them seem innocent. As the glass shatters, Hilda sees her past in the pieces of glass, which is shattered before her very eyes. This gives her character a past so we feel great pity on her, because we know she is going to die. It also seems like her life flashing before her eyes, something which people associate with the arrival of death. In both the film and book, the death of Jim and Hilda is not shown. In the book the last pages are brown, showing no hope for the couple, whereas in the film version, there is a close-up of the bunker and it rises into the sky, appearing as the sun. This gives a sense of hope, because it shows that Jim and Hilda have gone to heaven. I think that the way Raymond Briggs has used the cartoon book genre to convey a serious message works really well. It is very moving and rouses the sympathy of both reader and audience.

The Neptune Gourmet Seafood Marketing Essay

The Neptune Gourmet Seafood Marketing Essay Neptune Gourmet Seafood is the third largest company in North America, it has been initiated 40 years ago. And it is growing rapidly. However, this growth in market demand is still insufficient as compared to the amount of catch the company are able to haul and process daily. As such, excess inventories have been piling up in the warehouses, and turnovers are slower than they ever were. To try to combat this issue, some strategies regarding the pricing of their premium products have been introduced for discussion. Talking about the growth possibilities and the problems that these strategies might encapsulate. Also offering a fresh perspective on the issue of launching a mass-market brand amongst existing premium brands. And give some alternative recommendations to solve the problem of oversupply. COMPANY BACKGROUND Neptune Gourmet Seafood is a $820 million company with its core business lying in providing high quality seafood and seafood-based products to its customers. Neptune is using a freezer trawler with new technologies that allow the vessel to catch and freeze fish in an environmentally sustainable way as these technologies super freeze fish to -70F while the usual is between -10F and -23F, and that retains the original flavor, texture and color of the fish, Neptune also generated approximately 30% of its revenues by selling frozen and processed fish products to United States grocery chains. Neptune had got a premium image among its customers, it had earned a reputation for producing the best seafood with high quality for the past forty years. In the $20 billion fishing industry, Neptune has managed to position itself as one of the top provider of premium seafood products. The company has been one of the best innovators in the art of fishing, with high investments made on developing tech nologies and technical know-how on maintaining the quality of its catches. Neptune also is gaining attention in its focus on environmentally sustainable fishing, in line with its tagline The Best Seafood on the Water Planet. However, the company have been facing some inventory problems due to oversupply, and have been seeking ways to remedy it without jeopardising the companys premium image. BUSINESS COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT Analyzing the business competition environment that Neptune operates in, through the porters five forces model Porters Five Forces Model of Competition COMPANYS MARKKETING MIX To identify Neptune target market, the market mix should be analyzed using four Ps model. PROBLEM ANALYSES While Neptune is one of the biggest companies in the market, it faces several challenges and problems in retain its position in the market due to the new technologies that Neptune adopted and ships that have been added to the fleet, Neptune became able to produce a large number of products comparing with the other companies where as the goods inventory shows that the supply of sixty days is twice the normal level and three times what it had been a year ago, and these products more than the targeted segments of Neptune which causing the excess inventory.Some parties believed that this inventory problem would only be temporary, as they relate this sudden influx in supply to the increase in the number of ships that would allow for a more efficient catching and processing of seafood. However, some parties have identified that the problem are not just the highly efficient fishing vessels, but truly lies on the newest amendment to the fishing law, which reduces commercial fishing near the coastal areas. As Neptune now have limited access to the waterways near the coasts, they are reduced to fish further out at sea. And due to the sheer abundance of fishes in this area, it ultimately leads to bigger catches that has ultimately put a strain on their inventory capacity. However, Neptune would have to push to sell off these excess inventories before they turn bad, and not being able to do this could lead to big losses. There are suggestions to reduce supply by stopping the usage of a few of Neptunes fishing vessels. However, having idle profit-making assets is not a very good business idea as the vessels are already sunk costs anyways. Neptune could probably sell off some of these assets but to do that would mean having to get losses from the sale of those vessels. Therefore, there is another suggestion to try to combat this problem of oversupply. Neptune suggests cutting prices of end products drastically to try to entice more buyers. However, there are several concerns surrounding the viability of this price cut. PRICE ANALYSES There are several suggested options by the team of Neptune to solve the excees of the inventory that the company facing, cutting prices is suggested by some but cutting the prices may solve problems in short term, while the overcapacity may stay long with Neptune. There also an issue highlighted in the case which is cutting price may effect negatively to the consumers image that Neptune achieved 40 years ago. After cutting the price consumers would conceive that these Neptune products sold at a lower price could be rotten and it could destroy their brand equity. Another effects of cutting price which may affects the future sales because restaurants and household consumers may buy and stock Neptune products in the period of cutting the prices, so the company will get lower sales in the future and it will consider it as an expense. As well as cutting the prices may lead competitors to reduce their prices too trying to compete with Neptune and after while the price would reach the equilibrium point. So many problems may occur due to cutting the prices the Neptune team has another suggestion which is introducing a new low-price seafood brand to the existing upmarket brand. Introducing this new roduct may lead to the cannibalization of the old premium products. Neptune has successfully positioned its Neptune Gold brand on the high end of the seafood market. Neptune are therefore scared that selling off the same seafood for a lower price under another brand would backfire as consumers could discover that both these offerings quality are at par with each other. Hence, consumers would naturally move towards purchasing the new brand instead of the premium one. Neptune also should consider the reaction of the United States Association of Seafood Processors and Distributors. This new brand by Neptune could be risky and possible to negatively affect their ASPD Gold Seal of approval that have strengthened their reputation for quality all these years retracted. This could further endanger the sales of their existing brands.. SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE MASS-MARKET Due to the problems and situation discussed above the idea of improving mass-market is suggested to distribute the excees inventory. It is an excellent idea to give opportunities of growth to Neptune. This strategy to expand their market as opposed to only threatening their currunt offerings, it is also good for the company to come up with something different to this new low-price brand to minimize the negative impact . producing low-price brand to add value to the current market segmentation by supporting the the premium one offered before. It is very important for Neptune to figure out what the consumer really wants from their seafood purchases other than price. Neptune could definitely create an edge over other competitors who are competing in the same price range by promoting the product with a focus on its quality. As a major supplier for seafood products, Neptune has definitely built a name for itself for its quality catches, and they should make sure that this message extends to the new brand as well. Therefore, Neptune could catch the attention of consumers looking for the best quality produce at a much more affordable price range. However, opening a new segment in the market by offering low-priced products will target the consumers who want products at a cheap price and differentiate them with consumers that on the normal market of Neptune. They achieve a competitive advantage over other competitors. In fact, Neptune would probably attract a lot of sales with this new mass-market brand, even with the stiff compe tition with other low-priced suppliers, as customers would assume that they could get the same value proposition delivered by Neptune with their Gold line, but at a cheaper price. This suggestion will reduce cannibalization by differentiate targeted segments, Neptune should retain its revenue from the premium offerings to restaurants and eatiers. CONCLUSION While Neptunes customers are loyal to the company to go back and repurchase its products and their demands are still continuously climbing, Neptune is still using its expertise and technologies to satisfy its customers and keep competitive in the premium seafood market.However, because of its new investment in new shipping vessels, top-quality supplies have also been climbing. However, this increase is not matched by a proportional increase in demand. As such, inventories turnovers have become slower and Neptune runs the risk of having these inventories turning bad in storage. Neptune team has come up with the strategy of slashing their offerings by half, and that is followed by the strategy to open a new mass-market brand. However, both suggestions have certain underlying problems connected to its implementation. But going through a new market segment is highly viewd as an opportunity instead of a threat for long run. As a conclusion, Neptune needs to lunch mass-market brand to solve the excees of the inventory as well as being the best in growth prospect to revive its position in the seafood market. RECOMMENDATIONS Some recommendations to Neptune to sustain its position as market leader and increase its market share through introducing a mass-market brand and implementing some strategies. To expand its offering giographically and open new market outside United States and importing seafood products. This strategy will lead the demand to rise up quickly to follow the rising of supply, so Neptune will solve the oversupply once the margin of demand increases. Neptune sould introduce promotions of its products to definite increases in environmental awareness, to encourage its customers to repurchase and then will get more profit As of currently, about two-thirds of Neptunes total revenue comes from sales made to restaurants, cruise ships and eateries. growing its consumer franchise is recommended as well. Neptune thus should try to collaborate with local supermarkets and grocers nationwide in order to let customers have access to these premium products easier. These recommendations to solve the problem of the excees of the inventory, also to help Neptune to be the leader of the market internationally and the biggest supplier of seafood products. Hisham Turban Marketing Management

With close reference Search for my tongue written by Sujata Bhatt, and

With close reference Search for my tongue written by Sujata Bhatt, and Still I rise by Maya Angelou both explore the effective With close reference â€Å"Search for my tongue† written by Sujata Bhatt, and â€Å"Still I rise† by Maya Angelou both explore the effectiveness of their celebration of culture and traditions. The two poems are about both poets reflecting upon how important it is to keep in touch with cultures and traditions, to be proud of who you are and where you come from. â€Å"Still I Rise† by Maya Angelou, a confident defiant woman with lots of personality, pumps her sassiness into the poem to do nothing but inspire and move us. It is an inspiring poem about the poet herself overcoming great obstacles which her and her family has fought against all their lives. Her poem is a call to have pride in yourself no matter what you are, or where you come from. It evokes a feeling of great human spirit and, you can't but pay attention to the possibility that it is dedicated to one particular culture or race, the black slaves. Angelou’s strong personality mirrors the way in which she decided to set the poem out in rhyming verse. It’s strong, yet upbeat bouncy feel cries to be read out aloud which also reflects her powerful, independent personality. Her defiance immediately starts to shine from the first stanza. After all the negativity, â€Å"†¦bitter, twisted lies†, â€Å"†¦trod me in the very dirt† she will still get up and rise against it all, not letting anyone control her. From such a negative stanza she moves on to an energetic tone in stanza three. She uses nature â€Å"Just like moons and like stars† to bring out a buoyant optimistic tone; by using the certainty of nature she is conveying the message that no one ... ...e of Gujarat in â€Å"Search for my tongue† and with the strong bouncy rhythm in â€Å"Still I rise† both poems scream to be read out loud. â€Å"It grows back, a stump of a shoot† Like Angelou, Bhatt also uses nature to bring out the uplifting tone of the poem. She conveys the idea that nature is certain, the rain will always come back in April and the sun will always come back to shine in June. She then uses positive repetition â€Å"†¦ the bud opens, the bud opens†¦Ã¢â‚¬  bringing an energetic flow into the poem the use of repetition also adds excitement and tension building to an immensely powerful metaphor â€Å"It blossoms in my mouth†. Sujata Bhatt finishes the elevating moving poem on a high note. Angelou and Bhatt explore both the ups and downs of their lives but both of the poets end their poems with them defeating their problems and worries and standing up for their rights.

media Essay -- essays research papers

The ‘media’ as a whole plays a major part in one’s life. Media messages can be presented in many ways from reading newspapers to watching news on television from the comfort of your own home. However, the most important factors are how the news is retrieved and portrayed by an individual or a group of individuals as each individual has the right to accept what they believe not what they are manipulated to believe or to accept. There are various issues that can be looked at to conclude whether or not there is such thing as free, unbiased media, to define this topic it is too broad to study itself so it will be broken down and researched in small parts. Bias in different context will be analysed and shown how it is interpreted. Theorists will be researched such as: Rupert Murdoch and Noam Chomsky taking his views into consideration as well as elaborating on them. The approach taken to tackle this area of study will show clear evidence of where the information has b een taken from as this will enable the reader to make their own judgment as to whether there is such thing as free, unbiased media. Can it be argued that there is such thing as a free, unbiased media? Bias is based around media organisations made up of journalists and news producers presenting particular stories and the selection of which stories to cover with an uneven viewpoint, these particular stories may refer to accusations of either censorship or propagandism. Individuals perceiving various media messages can receive these in different contexts such as socially, ethically, economically and politically. There are different categories of bias that can be looked upon when presenting media messages to individuals such as: ethnic bias which includes nationalism and regionalism, corporate bias involving advertising and political campaigns, social bias that contains overall bias of reporting to favour the status class, political bias regarding the split in political slant and sensationalism about manufacturing or distort news as a purely commercial product. Temporal bias is known when media are biased toward the immediate, when media organisations decide to take up a story that is happening immediately. News has to be new and fresh, this news has to be ever changing even when there is a small amount of news to cover. There are other forms of bias such as status quo bias, narrative bias, fairnes... ...close look at the records shows Murdoch has imparted his far right agenda throughout his media empire† (Center for American Progress). An example of being bias would be that Murdoch is blamed for presenting partisan media coverage for political groups that publicise policies and conclusions to draw attention to his commercial benefit showing that media bias is involved from the beginning, middle or end and is often encouraged by politicians to persuade him favourably to cover their campaigns. An additional example of the contradiction of the theory of unbiased media would be that of Venezuela and Chavez. In this instance a democratically elected president was over thrown from his position by the media industry (the Venezuela army and influences from the U.S). The effect Rupert Murdoch has had on the media industry is substantial, setting up an empire that is forever growing. This clearly shows who the media is owned by and how much power they posses, this can determine on what is presented to the public from a single point rather than all angles of a specific story and through not one source of media but several forms of media even though some maybe bias and contain propaganda.

Is it Safe to Pray? :: essays research papers

Is it Safe to Pray? No matter what religion a person practices, everybody has gone to church whether it is on a regular basis or for an occasion such as a wedding or funeral. When you look up at the altar and see the priest, you don’t question their morality because society is taught not to question a higher authority figure. Why would such a symbol of purity and sanctity have anything shameful to hide? All of the sudden the man at the altar has lawsuits being filed against him. Child molestation is presenting itself as an issue that is becoming recurrent in society and more of an epidemic within the Catholic Church. In the past, the priests involved in these incidents have not been subjected to a punishment equal to the crime they committed. A priest involved in such deplorable activities should immediately be defrocked and subjected to criminal prosecution. This is a problem that lends itself to secrecy. The priests who commit these immoral acts are masters at using justifications, denial, and within an environment of religion, to look for a higher power for forgiveness which allows the abusive priest in his own mind to excuse the behavior. The failure of some bishops of the Church and the Church itself to respond effectively in the manner consistent with their positions as leaders with a duty to protect to most vulnerable members of the Church, is in some ways more disturbing than the criminal acts of the priests themselves. These same bishops may have confused forgiveness with leniency towards criminal behavior. In some cases, the bishops and other church leaders placed their thoughts and emotions with the accused priests over those of the victims, by accepting the denials from the priests instead of listening to the victims. Numerous cases are adding up into the millions and the churches are filing bankruptcy. But ultimately where does the fault lie? What actions should be taken to see that justice is served and have the Catholic Church remain solvent? If a priest is found to have committed acts of sexual misconduct with minors, he should not be shuttled from one position in the church to another but should in fact be defrocked and removed completely from the Catholic Church and deprived of any services provided by the Church. In this manner, it is possible to remove the temptation from the priest and safeguard the wellbeing of the Church family. Is it Safe to Pray? :: essays research papers Is it Safe to Pray? No matter what religion a person practices, everybody has gone to church whether it is on a regular basis or for an occasion such as a wedding or funeral. When you look up at the altar and see the priest, you don’t question their morality because society is taught not to question a higher authority figure. Why would such a symbol of purity and sanctity have anything shameful to hide? All of the sudden the man at the altar has lawsuits being filed against him. Child molestation is presenting itself as an issue that is becoming recurrent in society and more of an epidemic within the Catholic Church. In the past, the priests involved in these incidents have not been subjected to a punishment equal to the crime they committed. A priest involved in such deplorable activities should immediately be defrocked and subjected to criminal prosecution. This is a problem that lends itself to secrecy. The priests who commit these immoral acts are masters at using justifications, denial, and within an environment of religion, to look for a higher power for forgiveness which allows the abusive priest in his own mind to excuse the behavior. The failure of some bishops of the Church and the Church itself to respond effectively in the manner consistent with their positions as leaders with a duty to protect to most vulnerable members of the Church, is in some ways more disturbing than the criminal acts of the priests themselves. These same bishops may have confused forgiveness with leniency towards criminal behavior. In some cases, the bishops and other church leaders placed their thoughts and emotions with the accused priests over those of the victims, by accepting the denials from the priests instead of listening to the victims. Numerous cases are adding up into the millions and the churches are filing bankruptcy. But ultimately where does the fault lie? What actions should be taken to see that justice is served and have the Catholic Church remain solvent? If a priest is found to have committed acts of sexual misconduct with minors, he should not be shuttled from one position in the church to another but should in fact be defrocked and removed completely from the Catholic Church and deprived of any services provided by the Church. In this manner, it is possible to remove the temptation from the priest and safeguard the wellbeing of the Church family.

The City Planners and the Planners Comparison

In the poems ‘The City Planners’ and ‘The Planners,’ how do the poets create an effect of disillusionment and discomfort? In the poems ‘The City Planners’ and ‘The Planners,’ the poets create an effect of disillusionment and discomfort through the purpose and scenario and through their use of imagery and diction. The Poets create disillusionment and discomfort through the purpose and scenario. In ‘The Planners,’ the poem talks about how ‘They,’ the planners, have total control over the city and that nothing stands in their way in the first stanza.The poem then goes on to compare what the planners do, to dentistry by saying that the planners erase the flaws and that all gaps are plugged in the second stanza. In the final stanza the poem talks about how the speaker can’t write poetry anymore and that the people today should still remember the past and plan for the future. The purpose of the poem is the speaker thinks the planner are trying to make everything perfect but it isn’t necessary and that the planners are also too controlling.In the poem ‘The City Planners,’ how the suburbs are so perfect in the first stanza and then say that the suburbs aren’t really as perfect as they seem and they are just hiding behind a mask of perfection in the second stanza. In the final four stanzas the speakers talks about how people are hiding who they really are from the world. The purpose of this poem is that the city planners try and create their idea of perfection which doesn’t really exist. This is similar to ‘The Planners’ because both poems are saying that the planners are trying to create perfection and then fail without realising it.This is one way the poet creates disillusionment and discomfort. The poets also create disillusionment and discomfort through the use of imagery. In the second stanza of ‘The City Planners,’ the li ne ‘even the too-fixed stare of the wide windows,’ shows that the houses stare at things or people and can create discomfort for people because it is like a person staring at someone without realising it and the person being stared at can feel discomforted.In the third stanza the lines ‘the landscape behind or under the future cracks in the plaster,’ makes the reader realise that the perfection they live in could just be an illusion and this helps them get rid of the illusion. The line ‘concealed from each other, each in his own private blizzard,’ shows that the city planners don’t even look at each other’s work to learn from their mistakes which can create discomfort for the reader because mistakes that have happened before could happen where the live.In the poem ‘The Planner,’ the lines ‘Even the sea draws back and the skies surrender,’ creates discomfort even nature is scared to get in the way of the p lanners and shows the reader that the planners are destroying nature and that if the planners continue to do what they do then soon there will be hardly any nature or no nature left. The line ‘useless blacks with dental dexterity,’ is comparing cities to going to the dentist.It is saying that people go to the dentist to make their teeth perfect but it isn’t needed to survive and that it is the same thing with making the cities look perfect; the planners do it but it’s not needed, this creates discomfort because going to the dentist is not normally a place people like to go. The poems create discomfort in different ways because ‘The City Planners’ creates it through the reader thinking they are living in an illusion but the ‘The Planners’ create discomfort through dentist metaphors.The poets create disillusionment and discomfort through the use of diction. In the poem ‘The Planners,’ the poet uses the words ‘grid ded,’ ‘permutations of possibilities,’ ‘alignment,’ ‘desired points,’ ‘linked,’ and ‘mathematics’ to create discomfort. These words are all to do with maths and makes people feel discomforted because the reader can feel like they are back at school.The words ‘erase the flaws,’ ‘blemishes,’ ‘blocks,’ dental dexterity,’ ‘gaps are plugged,’ ‘country wears perfect rows,’ ‘shining teeth,’ ‘anaesthesia,’ ‘piling,’ and ‘drilling’ are all to do with dentistry and can create discomfort because people often don’t like going to the dentist. In the poem ‘The City Planners’ the poet uses the words ‘offends us’ and ‘dent in our car,’ which shows that it is from the speakers point of view and shows that they are discomforted because they don’t fit in.Th e words ‘hysteria,’ ‘avoidance,’ ‘spilled oil a faint,’ ‘brick surprising as a bruise,’ ‘vicious’ and ‘too fixed stare of the side windows’ create discomfort because they are words to do with imperfection and these words make the reader realise that the suburbs aren’t as perfect as they seem. Both poems make the reader feel discomforted by using words that scare them or make feel uncomfortable. The three ways the poets of ‘The City Planners’ and ‘The Planners’ create disillusionment and discomfort is through scenario and purpose, imagery and diction.

Developmental Writing Stages

Introduction The learning process of reading, writing and speaking for children are taught at home and at school. While reading often begins with recognizing the letters of the alphabet and matching appropriate letters to the sounds, the writing process is a method of connecting words to print. When a child starts to hold a crayon, his process of learning to write commences. As writing is a developmental process that children go through at their own pace each writing stage is an important experience that offers children the time to explore and experiment with their own writing.These stages overlap as children progress and reach the writing stages at different ages. Developmental Stages of Writing Based on the works of Richard Gentry and â€Å"The Conventions of Writing Developmental Scale†, there are eight stages of writing development namely: scribbling, letter-like symbols, strings of letters, beginning sounds emerge, consonant represent words, initial, middle and final soun ds, transitional phases and standard spelling (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007). At the scribbling stage, the child’s markings are large, circular, random, resembles drawing and includes exploratory movements (ibid.). Marks are often light colored and are the result of banging the drawing tool on paper, dragging, or sweeping as the child is just starting to get acquainted with the tool (Bailer, 2003). As the child draws, his or her attention may be elsewhere. At the letter-like symbol stage, spacing is rarely present and the child begins to produce letter-like forms that show some similarity to the letters that are randomly placed and interspersed with numbers (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007).The children can also discuss their own drawings or writings (Crosby & Ongie, (n. d). Children write some legible letters in capital letters that do not have appropriate matching of letter and sound at the string of letter phase (Meek & Vandermeer, 2000). The writings do not have spacing and the first letters to appear in their writing are usually found in their names. Although unrecognizable, children may attempt to read their message (McCardle, 2008)At the beginning sounds emerge stage, children begin to see the difference between a letter and a word, but they do not use spacing between words (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007). Their message makes sense and it matches the picture, especially when they personally choose the topic (ibid. ). The children use some letters to match sounds and use a beginning letter to represent the whole word (McCardle, 2008). At this stage, children tend to reverse letters and words as they explore the physical properties of print (Crosby & Ongie, (n.d). The consonants represent words stage shows that children begin to leave spaces between their words, may often mix upper and lowercase letters in their writing and write sentences that tell ideas (Fox Chapel Area School District , 2008; Hudon, 2007). At this stage, they write words with beginning and ending sounds and spell some high frequency words correctly (McCardle, 2008). This is also known as the semiphonetic stage where children write with appropriate letter and sound matching and with spacing between words (Meek & Vandermeer, 2000).Children who are at the initial, middle and final sounds phase may spell correctly some sight words, siblings' names, and environmental print but other words are spelled the way they sound (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007). This is also the phonetic stage whereby children write with appropriate letter and sound matching for all audible phonemes in each word (Meek & Vandermeer, 2000). A readable, interspersed with words writings that follows the standard form and letter patterns are at the transitional phase (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007).This writing also approaches conventional spelling (ibid. ). Children at this stage are writing words the way they sound, leave spaces between words, use punctuation marks, spell many high frequency words correctly and write one of more sentences (McCardle, 2008). Finally, at the standard spelling phase, children can spell most words correctly and are developing an understanding of root words, compound words, contractions and spelling patterns (Fox Chapel Area School District, 2008; Hudon, 2007; Meek & Vandermeer, 2000).This is also known as the conventional stage of writing. Conclusion All children go through the developmental stages of writing. Although some may be more advanced than the other, all children will go through the stages at different ages as each child is unique. It is important to prepare the young children’s mind and body by incorporating some home and school activities that will help them explore the printed form of language. References Bailer, K. (2003). Developmental Stages of Scribbling. Great Barrington, MA Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://k-play.com/pdf/The%20Developmental%20Sta.pdf. Crosby, J. & Ongie, A. (n.d.). Early Writing Experiences: A Parent’s Guide to Early Writing Experiences for Preschoolers. East Tennessee State University Child Study Center. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://sig.cls.utk.edu/Products/SIG_Early_Writing_Experiences_Flyer.pdf. Fox Chapel Area School District (2008). The Developmental Stages of Writing. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://www.fcasd.edu/j_district/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=773&Itemid=98 Hudon, L. (2007). Knowing Your Child as a Writer. Yarbrough Elementary School. Auburn, AL. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://www.auburnschools.org/yarbrough/lphudon/Reading%20Coach/knowingyourwriter.htm McCardle, L. (2008). Early Writing Development. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://www.lindaslearninglinks.com/earlywrtgdev.html Meek, N. and Vandermeer, M. (2000). Process Writing. Rockets Fern Bluff Elementary, Round Rock ISD. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://teacherweb.com/TX/BlacklandPrairieElementary/MrsTamaraBrinkley/ProcessWriting.ppt.